Ch.14 nutrition during pregnancy

After delivery, many women are eager to shed the weight gain during pregnancy. However, extreme calorie restriction and rapid weight loss may reduce the mother's milk supply. A gradual weight loss of _______ to ________ pounds per month is appropriate for nursing mothers.

1 to 4

What is the appropriate weight loss range recommended for nursing mothers?

1-4 pounds per month

What is the recommendation for omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy?

1.4 grams/day

Recommendations for omega-6 fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to ______ grams per day

13

How many cups of fluid should the mother consume per day in order to ensure ample milk production?

13 cups per day

On average, how much do vitamin requirements increase during pregnancy?

30%

Human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of most infants for the first _______ months of life. After that time, complementary foods are necessary to provide adequate nutrition.

4 to 6

A longer commitment to breastfeeding is optimal to reduce the potential of an infant developing food allergies, but breastfeeding for ______________ to ______________ months can still help reduce the chances.

4; 6

________ intakes of saturated and trans fats are associated with impaired fertility

High

A womans needs for vitamin A and iodine during breastfeeding are ____ her needs for vitamins A and iodine during pregnancy.

Higher than

What are some components of colostrum?

Immune system cells, antibodies, growth factors

What are some adverse health events associated with a large fetus as a result of uncontrolled maternal diabetes during pregnancy?

Infant may be born early, have low blood glucose, or may experience trauma and malformations at birth

What is an organization that would be helpful for a mother to contact to learn more about breastfeeding her infant?

La Leche League

___________ can inhibit milk let-down

Nervous tension

What is an error of metabolism in which the liver lacks the ability to process phenylalanine

PKU

What is the appearance of human milk at the start of a feeding session?

Thin and watery

When choosing a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement, what should one look for on the label in order to ensure the product is safe

USP symbol

The concept of "eating for two" refers more to the increase in ______ and ________ needs as apposed to calorie needs.

Vitamin and mineral

Most women are physically capable of _________ their infants

breastfeeding

What are the three main barriers to breastfeeding?

embarrassment about nursing an infant in public, misinformation, and mothers need to return to work

True or false: breastfeeding should not be done in public due to indecent exposure laws that are in effect in most states

false

A diet rich in ______ may promote fertility due to its antioxidant capacity

fruits and vegetables

________ is the term that describes the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse.

infertility

Compared to infants who are formula-fed, infants who are breastfed have lower risk for:

inflammatory bowel diseases, childhood leukemia and lymphoma, obesity and ype 2 diabetes, diarrheal diseases

Compared to the needs of nonpregnant women, the RDA for ______ is increased during pregnancy.

iron, iodine, zinc

Milk producing cells found in the breast are commonly referred to as _________

lobules

A womans needs for folate and iron during breastfeeding are __________ her needs for folate and iron during pregnancy.

lower than

Compared to cow's milk, human milk contains ______ essential fatty acids.

more

Calorie intake falls short of calorie needs leading to a loss of lean and adipose tissue

negative energy balance

According to recent research, higher intakes of ______ iron are linked to improved fertility

nonheme

The amount of calories consumed exceeds the amount of calories required to support basic body processes and physical activity

positive energy balance

Early symptoms of preeclampsia include:

rise in blood pressure, edema, excess protein in urine

Nutrient needs for a breastfeeding mother are ______ the nutrient needs during the second and third trimester.

slightly different from

What is a substance that may cause or increase the risk of a birth defect?

teratogen

During the first trimester, the calorie needs for a pregnant woman are ______ when not pregnant.

the same as

True or false: breastfeeding reduces the chances of some food allergies, especially among allergy-prone infants.

true

What are some steps a mother can take to reduce contaminants in human milk.

wash and peel fruits and vegetables, consume a variety of foods within each food group, remove fatty edges of meat as pesticides concentrate in fat, and try not to lose weight rapidly

A mineral that is important for sexual maturation and sperm production in men is_______

zinc