Ch14 Personality (byゆか)

behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:

collective unconscious.

According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from our universal experiences. This is known as our:

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

psychosexual development.

According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of:

the superego

According to Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

traits.

According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of:

death.

According to terror-management theory, people enhance their self-esteem in order to defend themselves from fear of their own:

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI

According to your textbook, the most widely used personality inventory is the:

self-esteem

All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, he will next seek to satisfy his need for:

reciprocal determinism.

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

Cliff will ignore all other needs until he satisfies his most basic needs for food and shelter.

Cliff is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will ignore his other needs, which include:

psychoanalytic

Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

preconscious

Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about:

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

positive growth in humans; the growth of healthy trees

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to ______________ as water, sun, and nutrients are to ______________.

Albert Bandura

He proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

self

In Western psychology, the ___________ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.

People do not act with predictable consistency, and behavior varies from one situation to the next.

In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the trait perspective can you cite?

our desire for love and security

In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development.

is not very reliable and that it has limited validity.

Kayden had to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He is worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach:

an unrealistic optimism

Kevin is 18 years old and believes that he is less likely to get into a serious car accident or die at an early age than peers his age. He is illustrating:

the need for self-actualization.

Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Abraham Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by:

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them.

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Personality is best defined as an individual's:

factor analysis

Psychologists would use _____________ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).

our feelings of high or low self-worth.

Self-esteem refers to:

unconscious processes.

Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of:

50

The Big Five personality factors are reported to have a heritability of approximately _____ percent for each dimension.

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

The Big Five personality factors include:

social-cognitive

The _____________ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

psychoanalytic

The _____________ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.

the five-factor model of personality.

The most widely accepted trait theory today is called:

biopsychosocial approach.

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a:

react violently

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may:

the trait perspective

Which approach to personality focuses primarily on describing individual differences?

projection

Which defense mechanism occurs when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others?

None of these groups are more likely to suffer from low self-esteem.

Which of the following groups are more likely to suffer from relatively low self-esteem? 1. None of these groups are more likely to suffer from low self-esteem. 2. ethnic minorities 3. women 4. disabled persons

humanistic psychology

Which of the following is referred to as the "third force" in psychology?

"Objectivity does not guarantee validity."

You are an expert witness for the defense on the results of the MMPI. Opposing counsel asks you if this is an objective instrument. You respond by saying:

try out many possible selves

Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:

the spotlight effect.

Your friend is giving a speech tomorrow and she is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will be staring at her bangs and discussing her unattractive hair. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as:

self-efficacy.

Your subjective belief about your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

terror-management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth.

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness.

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

humanistic theories

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

psychodynamic theories

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.