Ch.18 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Westcott/ Openstax physiology
A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte? basophils neutrophils monocytes natural killer cells
A: Basophils they are the least common among granular leukocytes & intensify the inflammatory response of the body by releasing histamines (and heparin) decreased levels are associated with pregnancy, stress, and hyperthyroidism
Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true? It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage. It is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is a hemopoietic growth factor that prompts lymphoid stem cells to leave the bone marrow. Both a and b are true.
A: It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of erythrocyte lineage Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hemopoietic growth factos that aids in the development of mature blood cells from the stem cells it is a hormone secreted by the kidneys when oxygen levels are low it is used for treating anemias and blood disorders that lower RBC count and oxygen levels to the brain known for use for blood doping in sports
The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called ________. sensitization coagulation agglutination hemolysis
A: agglutination agglutination is the process by which antibodies attach to the antigens which are produced on the surface of the cells it can be used for blood typing tests, where known antibodies attach to the surface of antigens of the blood cells form clumps or "agglutinate"
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which ________. a type AB mother is carrying a type O fetus a type O mother is carrying a type AB fetus an Rh+ mother is carrying an Rh− fetus an Rh− mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus
an Rh- mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus during the pregnancy the mother is exposed to the blood of the fetus. This is a problem in her second pregnancy and the baby is Rh+ which results in anemic conditions in the baby called hemolytic disease of the newborn ( sometimes causes death after birth)
DVT always causes symptoms. T/F?
False
Serum, one of the specimen types included, refers to a sample of plasma after clotting factors have been removed. What types of measurements are given for levels of glucose in the blood?
There are values given for percent saturation, tension, and blood gas, and there are listings for different types of hemoglobin.
The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of ________.
copper, zinc, and vitamin B12
Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver? fibrinogen alpha globulin beta globulin immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin is a gamma gobulin which is a specialized leukocyte known as antibodies or immunoglobulins and not produced by the liver
A patient's hematocrit is 42 percent. Approximately what percentage of the patient's blood is plasma?
A Hemocrit is an instrument used to measure the ratio of red blood cells with the respect to the total volume of blood if the hemocrit of a person is 42% it means the plasma in the patient is about 58%
Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells? B cells natural killer cells platelets all of the above
A: Platelets Lymphoid stem cells give rise to B-Cells and natural killer cells from the lymphatic system
Thrombocytes are more accurately called ________. clotting factors megakaryoblasts megakaryocytes platelets
A:Platelets Thrombocytes are more accurately known as platelets because they are not whole cells, but fragments of megakaryocytes
Following a motor vehicle accident, a patient is rushed to the emergency department with multiple traumatic injuries, causing severe bleeding. The patient's condition is critical, and there is no time for determining his blood type. What type of blood is transfused, and why?
In case of emergencies O negative blood group can be transfused. it does not contain any antigens and or Rh factor and therefor can be transfused to any patient in any blood group
Explain why administration of a thrombolytic agent is a first intervention for someone who has suffered a thrombotic stroke.
Thrombotic stroke can occur if the coagulation occurs in the vessels supplying the blood to the brain. the thrombolytic agent helps dissolve the thrombi easing the flow of blood. allowing blood to once again flow normally to the brain to meet it oxygen and nutrient demand.
Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes (aka red blood cells) is true? They have no nucleus. They are packed with mitochondria. They survive for an average of 4 days. All of the above
A: They have no nucleus They are RBC's which are biconcave disks that lack organelles and a nucleus they can survive for 120 days and help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to various parts of the body
T and B lymphocytes ________. are polymorphonuclear are involved with specific immune function proliferate excessively in leukopenia are most active against parasitic worms
A: are involved in specific immune function B cells and T cells are agranular leukocytes and are specific in their immune responses B cells provide humoral immunity T cells provide cellular immunity
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the ________. intrinsic pathway extrinsic pathway common pathway formation of the platelet plug
A: common pathway Prothrombin is a plasma protein and clotting factor. - it is converted to thrombin during the common pathway - common pathway is formed after the merger of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways where coagulation cascade is activated
The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called ________. leukocytosis positive chemotaxis emigration cytoplasmic extending
A: emigration to travel to different tissues and leave through blood capillaries Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of leukocytes in response to infection chemotaxis is the movement of leukocytes in response to certain chemicals cytoplasmic extending is the formation of dendrites in cells when the cytoplasm extends to different directions
Hemophilia is characterized by ________. inadequate production of heparin inadequate production of clotting factors excessive production of fibrinogen excessive production of platelets
A: inadequate production of clotting factors Hemophilia is a genetic disorder in which blood clotting factors are not produced adequately - it results in uncontrollable bleeding
to explore the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways that are involved the process of coagulation. The coagulation cascade restores hemostasis by activating coagulation factors in the presence of an injury. How does the endothelium of the blood vessel walls prevent the blood from coagulating as it flows through the blood vessels?
The endothelium does not have access to collagen and platelet tissue factor that play an important role in the initiation of the coagulation mechanism.
The first step in hemostasis is ________. vascular spasm conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin activation of the intrinsic pathway activation of the common pathway
A: Vascular Spasm Hemostasis helps to heal small wounds that lead to small ruptures in blood vessels Step 1: Vascular spasms Step 2: Formation of platelet plug Step 3: coagulation/ blood clotting
True or false: The buffy coat is the portion of a blood sample that is made up of its proteins.
False the buffy coat is the layer that separates red blood cells from the plasma.
Are you able to recognize and identify the various formed elements? You will need to do this is a systematic manner, scanning along the image. The standard method is to use a grid, but this is not possible with this resource. Try constructing a simple table with each leukocyte type and then making a mark for each cell type you identify. Attempt to classify at least 50 and perhaps as many as 100 different cells. Based on the percentage of cells that you count, do the numbers represent a normal blood smear or does something appear to be abnormal?
This smear is normal. Blood contains around 50 to 70 % neutrophils, 2-4% eosiniphils, 1 % basophils, 20-30% lymphocytes, and 2-4% monocytes
Usually blood clots are small and your body will remove them on its own. T/F?
True
Veins have valves that prevent the blood from flowing back towards the feet. T/F?
True
A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocytes?
basophils
Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________.
macrophages after 120 days macrophages which are phogocytic cells degrade the erythrocytes and send their components : heme, iron, and globin chains for recycling
Which of the following describes a neutrophil? abundant, agranular, especially effective against cancer cells abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria rare, agranular, releases antimicrobial defensins rare, granular, contains multiple granules packed with histamine
A: abundant (most abundant of granular leukocytes), granular, and especially effective against bacteria
Which of the following statements about albumin is true? It draws water out of the blood vessels and into the body's tissues. It is the most abundant plasma protein. It is produced by specialized leukocytes called plasma cells. All of the above are true.
It is the most abundant plasma protein blood has 3 types of plasma proteins : Albumin, Globulin, and fibrogen with albumin being the most abundant and accounts for 54% of the 3 major plasma proteins. it helps maintain the fluidity of blood and is made in the liver cells
DVT is a condition that forms when a blood clot forms in a deep vein. T/F?
True Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in your body, usually in your legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling, but also can occur with no symptom
Interleukins are associated primarily with which of the following? production of various lymphocytes immune responses inflammation all of the above
A: all of the above Interleukins are molecules of the immune system and are signaling molecules used for communication with leucocytes. produced by cells in bone marrow and endothelium
People with ABO blood type O ________. have both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies circulating in their blood plasma are considered universal recipients
A: lack both antigens A&B on their erythrocytes People with type O have both A&B antibodies present in their plasma and are considered universal donors AB positive is the universal recipient
A patient has been suffering for 2 months with a chronic, watery diarrhea. A blood test is likely to reveal ________. a hematocrit below 30 percent hypoxemia anemia polycythemia
A:Polycythemia A person is polycythemic when amount of RBC's is higher than normal. It occurs in dehydration it is the opposite of anemia
A molecule of hemoglobin ________. is shaped like a biconcave disk packed almost entirely with iron contains four glycoprotein units studded with oxygen consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme can carry up to 120 molecules of oxygen
A: Consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme it has four globin chains bound together to form one molecule. each chain has a heme group attached which binds to one iron ion
What are the some potential side effects of blood doping?
Blood doping increases the number of red blood cells in a persons body, which leads to its thickening and can put a person at the risk of multiple different heart diseases including stroke , pulmonary embolism and risk of dangerous pathogens entering the body
Which of the following statements about blood is true? Blood is about 92 percent water. Blood is slightly more acidic than water. Blood is slightly more viscous than water. Blood is slightly more salty than seawater.
Blood is slightly more viscous than water blood is not more than 90% water, is a little more alkaline than water, and cannot be saltier than seawater
