Ch.18

activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response: many of these indicate a _______ infection

chronic

http://www.medicowesome.com/2011/11/clotting-factors-mnemonic.html

clotting factor

granular leukocytes are

neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils

bodies bacteria slayer

neutrophils

Granulocytes: 3 types-

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophil Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic,basic, or both) with Wright's stain

dark red blood indicates it is

oxygen poor

scarlet colored blood indicates it is

oxygen rich

Iron-deficiency anemia results from:

-A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia -Inadequate intake of iron -containing foods -Impaired iron absorption

Blood prevents blood loss by:

-Activating plasma proteins and platelets - Initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken

Pernicious anemia results from:

-Deficiency of vitamin B12 -Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12 Treatment is intramuscular injection of B12; application of Nascobal

Lymphocytes-

-Have large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm -found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood)

erythropoiesis requires: (dietary)

-Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates -Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid

Blood prevents infection by:

-Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies -Activating complement proteins -Activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders

The ABO blood groups consists of:

-Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs -Two antibodies in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B)

-extrinsic involves damage to tissues, not just blood vessels: damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastinwhich combines with other factors to set off a shorter cascade of reactions that also ultimately involve Ca 2+ to produce Prothrombin Activator

-extrinsic involves damage to tissues, not just blood vessels: damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastinwhich combines with other factors to set off a shorter cascade of reactions that also ultimately involve Ca 2+ to produce Prothrombin Activator

Basophils-

-have U- or S-shaped, "bilobed" nuclei- two or three conspicuous constrictions -functionally similar to mast cells, releases histamines that enhance the allergic reactions and inflammatory responses -have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine -also produce heparin (anti-coagulant that will be discussed in greater detail later) that also removes fat from the blood --also involved in allergic response

Macrophages:

-highly mobile and actively phagocytic (large Super PacMan) which wander through tissues -activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response: many of these indicates a chronic infection

B-cells (=B lymphocytes) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (=humoral immunity)

-primarily react to bacterial infections in conjunction with T-cells to produce antibodies -B-cells stay in the lymph nodes

T-cells (=T lymphocytes) function in the immune response (=cell-mediated immunity)

-react to bacterial, viral, fungal, cancerous, and foreign tissue infections by going to the site of the infection/or of foreign tissue and "doing battle" themselve

Endothelial factors, these include:

-smooth internal surfaces -negative charge of integral proteins repelling the negative charge of platelets- as well as other plasma proteins -prostacyclin, a chemical secreted by "normal" endothelial cells

Neutrophils have two types of granules that:

-take up both acidic and basic dyes and a cytoplasm with a lilac color -2-6 lobed nucleus with finely distributed granuals in cytoplasm containing lysozymes and defensins (antibiotic-like proteins) -phagocytic function -lots of these indicate bacterial infection

Major steps of the clotting process:

1) Prothrombin Activator (PA) is formed: 2) PA cuts a large protein molecule called prothrombin (mw 68,700) into thrombin (mw 33,700) 3) Thrombin cuts up fibrinogen (mw 340,000) into smaller monomers called fibrin -amount of clotting depends on the amount of thrombin formed 4) Fibrin then polymerizes to form fibrin threads -fibrin threads are stabilized by factor XIII, a protein secreted by the platelets, causing stronger bonds between threads 5) Fibrin threads attach to walls of the vessels and trap blood cells, platelets, etc. to form a clot -threads then contract further, closing the vessel 6) Plasmin or fibrolysin is incorporated into the clot -this plasma protein will eventually cause the clot to dissolve once healing has occurred

During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence

1) Vascular spasms - immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury: vessel walls contract, restricting blood flow 2) Platelet Plug Formation 3) coagulation

leukopoieses is hormonally stimulated by two families of cytokines. Name them

1) interleukins 2) colony stimulating factors

neutrophil is the most abundant granulocyte. They have two types of granules that:

1) take up both acidic and basic dyes 2) cytoplasm has lilac color

Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by:

1-Hypoxia (low oxygen) due to decreased RBCs 2-kidney hormone stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to produce RBCs

During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence

1-Vascular spasms - immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury: vessel walls contract, restricting blood flow 2-Platelet Plug Formation 3-coagulation

lifespan of erythrocyte is

100-120 days

Coagulation

A tremedously complex set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel Coagulation follows intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to produce Prothrombin Activator

Anemia -

Anemia - blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity: It is a symptom rather than a disease itself sx: fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills

Blood maintains these 3 things:

Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Prevention of Undesirable Clots

Aspirin - an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 Heparin - an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care -also used to keep blood from clotting in laboratory vials and tubes Coumiden, coumarin, dicoumerol, and Warfarin (=used for those prone to atrial fibrillation) -all are Vit. K analogs (=look alikes) that depress liver production of prothrombin, Factors VII, IX, and X -takes about 12 hours to decrease blood coagulation by 50% and then the effects decrease

functionally similar to mast cells, releases histamines that enhance the allergic reactions and inflammatory responses

Basophils

Erythrocytes (RBCs) are boconcave discs, anucleate and does not have ________________

Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles Filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport Structural characteristics contribute to its gas transport function erythrocytes are more than 97% Hb

hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

Carbaminohemoglobin

hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb

Deoxyhemoglobin

Formed elements are

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

What are formed elements?

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) -Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) -Platelets for clotting

Erythropoiesis (formation of rbc) is hormonally controlled(erythropoietin) and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

Erythropoiesis (formation of rbc) is hormonally controlled(erythropoietin) and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

Factor 1

Fibrogen

_______ & __________give rise to all formed elements

Hemocytoblasts, stem cells,

Hemocytoblasts, stem cells, give rise to all formed elements

Hemocytoblasts, stem cells, give rise to all formed elements

Hemophilia A is

Hemophilia A is an X-linked, recessive disorder caused by deficiency of functional plasma clotting factor VIII (FVIII), which may be inherited or arise from spontaneous mutation. The development of inhibitory antibodies to FVIII can result in acquired hemophilia A or can complicate the treatment of genetic cases

a anticoagulant made by basophils, inhibits thrombin activity

Heparin

the only blood components that are complete cells:

Leukocytes-Are less numerous than RBCs

What is the composition of Blood

Liquid plasma & Formed elements: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) -Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) -Platelets for clotting

______ & _______cells are the most important sources of cytokines

Macrophages and T cells

many of these indicates a chronic infection

Macrophages:

most abundant granulocyte

Neutrophils

our body's bacteria slayers

Neutrophils

Types of Hemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin,Deoxyhemoglobin,Carbaminohemoglobin

Platelets are derived from cells called megakaryocytes.

Platelets are derived from cells called megakaryocytes.

Rh Blood Groups

Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh+ Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals -However, if an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood, anti-Rh antibodies form -A second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction

Factor V

Proaccelenin

human blood groups

RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens on their external surfaces These antigens are: -Unique to the individual -Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual -Promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens Presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood groups

There are two types of lymphocytes

T-cells and B- cells:

Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes: what is the life span? What are dying rbc engulfed by? What happens to old rbc after they become fragile?

The life span of an erythrocyte is 100-120 days Old erythrocytes become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages and broken down in the spleen -membranes rupture -iron is picked up by a plasma protein called transferrin and transported back to bone marrow -globin chains are converted into a yellow pigment called bilirubin and the liver secretes bilirubin into the intestines as bile which give feces its brown color

85% of hemophilias lack factor

VII

thrombus

a clot that develops

Thrombus

a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

granulocyte

a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm, e.g., an eosinophil or a basophil.

packed red blood cells are used to treat

anemia

_____________________________ is a naturally occuring protein that usually binds with thrombin and keeps it from cutting up fibrinogen

anti thrombin- heparin cofactor

Factor VIII

antihemolytic factor a

Factor LX

antihemolytic factor b

Factor XI

antihemolytic factor c

Monocytes are the _______ leukocytes and have abundant pale blue cytoplasms

are the largest leukocytes and have abundant pale-blue cytoplasms -have purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei -leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages

-primarily react to bacterial infections in conjunction with T-cells to produce antibodies -B-cells stay in the lymph nodes

b cells

large, purplish-black basophilic granules that contain histamine

basophils

this leukocyte produces heparin and also removes fat from the blood

basophils

acute leukemia involves ______ cells and primarily effects children

blast

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow

whole blood transfusions are used when

blood loss is substantial, treating thrombocytopenia

The body stores iron in the liver, spleen, and

bone marrow

the body stores iron in the liver, spleen and ______________

bone marrow

Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by

by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

Thrombocytopenia

condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient -Patients show petechiae (small purple blotches on the skin) due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage -Caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)

Circulating erythrocytes - the number remains ________ and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction

constant

granulocyctes contain ________ granules that stain specifically with wrights stain

cytoplasmic granules

Sickle-cell anemia - results from

defective gene coding for an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS) -HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain -This defect causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations

Aplastic anemia

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

negative charge of inegral proteins repelling the negative charge of platelets is a ______________ factor

endothelial

have red/orange staining. Red to crimson large, coarse, lysosome like granules

eosinophils

myeloblasts develop into

eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils

Myeloblasts develop into

eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils

Polycythemia

excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity

xII

fibrin stabilizing factor

factor XII

hageman factor

myelocytic leukemia involves ______

meyeloblasts

Eosinophils-account for 2-4% of all WBCs

have red/orange-staining, bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material - red to crimson (acidophilic) large, coarse, lysosome-like granules -lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms and lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes -lots indicates allergic reaction or parasitic infection

All leukocytes originate from

hemocytoblasts

Hemophilias

hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors

hemophillias

hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting.

histology slides

http://faculty.montgomerycollege.edu/wolexik/205_histology__page.htm

COAG CASCADE GAME

http://www.easynotecards.com/matching/19796

BLOOD TYPING GAME

http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donor-zone/games/blood-type

blood game

https://www.learningnurse.org/games/tr-blood/game.html#

crash course blood video 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-XoM2144tk&index=30&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNaPno5h3Zs8

crash course blood video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp9Sls&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNaPno5h3Zs8&index=29

Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis

hypoxia (low oxygen) due to decreased RBCs -kidney hormone stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to produce RBCs -hormone active for 1-2 days and takes approx. 5 days to see increase in RBCs (and hematocrit)

Plasma is

in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system plasma is composed primarily of water. also contains proteins (Albumin,globulins.fibrinogen).various electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium ions; dissolved gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen; various organic nutrients, such as vitamins, lipids, glucose, and amino acids; and metabolic wastes. All of these nonprotein solutes combined contribute approximately 1 percent to the total volume of plasma.

Leukopoiesis is hormonally stimulated by two families of cytokines

interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Macrophages and T cells are the most important sources of cytokines -Many hematopoietic hormones are used clinically to stimulate bone marrow

leukopoiesis

is a form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells (WBC, or leukocytes) are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus.

what is hemoglobin

is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body

erythropoieses is

is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes)

eosinophils function

lead the bodys counter attack against parasitic worms and lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes

Liver disease or lack of vitamin K - leads to

leads to no prothrombin, no fibrinogen, no factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI

immature wbc are found in the blood stream in all _______

leukemias

buffy coat contains

leukocytes & platelets. thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

normal response to bacterial or viral invasion

leukocytosis (elevated wbc)

Blood transports oxygen from the _____ and nutrients from the _______________________

lungs ; digestive tract

blood transports metabolic wastes from cells to the _____and kidneys for _________________

lungs ; elimination

these leukocytes have large, dark purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm

lymphocytes

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes: -Lack visible cytoplasmic granules -Are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types -Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nucle

lymphocytes are found mostly enmeshed in a _________ tissue

lymphoid (some circulate in blood)

______________phagocytose so much bacteria that they can commit suicide by exploding, producing pus

macrophages

large, super pac man leukocyte is

macrophages

basophils have u or s shaped bilobed nuclei w/ 2-3 conspicuous constrictions. They are functionally similiar to ____ cells

mast

mast cell is

mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin

Platelets are fragments of

megakaryocytes

these leukocytes leave the circulation, enter tissue, differentiate into macrophages

monocytes

hematocrit contains

percentage of RBC out of the total blood volume

Hemolytic anemia

prematurely ruptured erythrocytes

coumiden, coumarin, dicoumerol and warfarin are used to

prevent blood clots and also used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

Blood plasma contains

proteins, organic nutrients, electrolytes, gases, nitrogenous substances. Proteins - albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others Nonprotein nitrogenous substances - lactic acid, urea, creatinine Organic nutrients - glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids Electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate Respiratory gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide

Factor II

prothrombin

liver disease or lack of vit k leads to no:

prothrombin, fibrinogen, v, vii, viii, ix, xi

if emboli form in veins, they can usually lodge in ______ arteries

pulmonary

where does Hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

Erythrocytes function

respiratory gas transport via hemoglobin

Hemorrhagic anemia

result of acute or chronic loss of blood

hemolytic disease of the newborn

rh+ antibodies of a sensitized rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destory the rbs of a rh+ baby.

react to bacterial, viral, fungal, cancerous, and foreign tissue infections by going to the site of the infection/or of foreign tissue and "doing battle" themselves

t cells

hemostasis is

the stopping of a flow of blood.

embolus

thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

Iron is picked up by a plasma protein called ________ and transported back to bone marrow

transferrin

Functions of Blood

transports, regulates & protects

-intrinsic is activated due to

trauma to the inner vessel wall or other rough surfaces: the trauma activates a plasma protein called Factor XII (Hagman Factor) which sets off a cascade of reactions involving 5 other factors plus Ca 2+ to produce Prothrombin Activator

Only WBCs are complete cells t/f

true

many hematopoietic hormones are used clinically to stimulate bone marrow t/f

true

t/f Most blood cells do not divide but are renewed by cells in bone marrow

true

final common pathway

x marks the spot. prothrombin--thrombin fibrogen---fibrin XIII= clot