Ch.2 (Hist 1301)

Cabeza de Vaca's captors were particularly appalled by ______ among the castaways.

cannibalism

The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of

monarchical resistance against the reign of the pope.

After creating the Church of England, King Henry VIII made the shrewd political decision to

name himself the head of the church.

The artist ______ ______, who was appointed governor of the second Roanoke colony, hoped his leadership would allow settlers and Indians to coexist peacefully.

John White

The cruelties of the Spanish fueled the belief that the American Indians would welcome the English as

liberators.

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern ______ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil.

Atlantic Ocean

Virgin-soil epidemics, which occurred frequently in the New World, were devastating outbreaks of disease in which

the afflicted people had never before been exposed.

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the Old and New Worlds is the ___

Columbian exchange

Mehmet II's conquest of ______ was alarming throughout Europe.

Constantinople

Prince Henry the Navigator of ______ was the driving force of his kingdom's overseas ventures in the fifteenth century.

Portugal

Which of the following best explains why royal geographers in Portugal rejected Columbus's plan for a westward voyage?

They knew that the earth was round but believed that it was much larger than Columbus estimated.

Which best describes rival European powers' response to Spanish successes in the New World?

They took little action during most of the sixteenth century.

Which of the following statements about the Roanoke Indians and their leader Wingina is true?

Wingina had most likely encountered or heard of Europeans before meeting Walter Raleigh and his fellow travelers in 1584.

Who used the term "America" to refer to the New World?

a German mapmaker

Henry VIII of England's great, worldly goal was

a male heir.

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was

advanced metal weaponry.

Juan Ponce de León's first expedition onto the mainland was met by ______ among the native inhabitants.

armed resistance

The expedition of Hernán de Soto was notable for its

brutal treatment of natives.

The Spanish empire in the New World was governed primarily by

bureaucrats

Changes to the European banking and financial system helped create a pool of ______, which in turn catalyzed trading ventures and overseas expansion.

capital

New ships called ______ allowed the Portuguese to sail down Africa's western coast with greater speed.

caravels

One of the consequences of Hernán de Soto's venture into North America was the

decentralization of native chiefdoms.

The 1578 charter granted to Humphrey Gilbert gave him permission to explore America but

failed to recognize native claims to the land.

Which of the following were positive results of the bubonic plague?

increased wages, more available land, and lower prices

During the thirteenth century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of ___ , which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.

indulgences

Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the New World?

opportunities to develop trade relationships with the natives

What most accurately describes the ships Columbus sailed in 1492?

small ships about the size of oceangoing fishing vessels

What killed the most American Indians in the early years of European colonization?

smallpox

Cabeza de Vaca, during his trek across Texas and northern Mexico, noted that regional trade around present-day Chihuahua relied upon

turquoise and feathers.

The failure of the expedition of Juan Ponce de León did not dispel the Spanish belief that North America contained

untold riches.

True or false: By the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived, the Aztecs had firm control over all of the city-states in central Mexico.

False

What was the crusaders' biggest obstacle to profitable sugar production in the Holy Land?

Its production was labor-intensive.

When Columbus first reached the Bahamas, he thought he was on the coast of

Japan.

What precedent did early English conquests in Europe set?

a willingness to treat natives cruelly

With whom did the Portuguese establish partnerships in Africa?

high-ranking Africans on the coast

Which of the following did Europeans introduce to the New World?

horses, bananas, and dogs

Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century?

African Kingdoms

Who first described Columbus's Indies as Mundus Novus?

Amerigo Vespucci

The ______ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

True or false: Although the Protestant Reformation created great upheavals in Europe, it had little effect in the New World.

False

The nation where some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place was ___ , where the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

France

The European trend toward the expansion of royal power began in

France, Spain, and England.

What was the primary reason that twelfth-century European investors moved their sugar plantations to a new location?

Islamic fighters had taken Jerusalem.

Which statement about the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century is true?

It led to violence against marginal groups.

Which of the following statements about early modern Europe are correct?

Nobles and aristocrats enjoyed incomes hundreds of times larger than those of commoners, The authority of local lords over their lands was nearly absolute, and For most people life was brutal, dangerous, and short.

The dominant Islamic empire during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was the ______ Empire.

Ottoman

Which of the following statements concerning slavery in medieval Europe are true?

Owning slaves was a status symbol, Slaves often came from Slavic lands; hence, the word slave, and Slaves were typically female.

By the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish Empire had

defeated the great civilizations of the Americas.

The army with which Cortés entered Tenochtitlán had been significantly increased by

disgruntled native warriors.

China's treasure fleet, commanded by Zheng He, sailed as far as

eastern Africa.

James I's goal as monarch was to

establish an efficient bureaucracy in orderly colonies.

One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs at the time was that

everyone should read and interpret the Bible for himself or herself.

Bartolomé de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicted the empire for its

exploitation of natives.

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's strangling of his Indian guide was representative of the

growing cruelty toward the natives that characterized the frustrated conquistadors.

Unlike the first Roanoke expedition, the second one

included more settlers and better incentives to undertake the journey.

In the 95 theses, Martin Luther argued that the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling ______ was corrupt and irrelevant to eternal salvation.

indulgences

A significant factor in the Aztec defeat was the

internal opposition to Aztec rule.

Which was not a notable means by which the medieval and early modern Catholic Church enriched itself?

investing in business ventures

One of the lasting consequences of the Protestant Reformation was that

it led to religious divisions also known as schisms.

Early modern Europe was volatile because of its

rampant crime

Much of Spain's imperial wealth came from ______ mines in Mexico and Peru.

silver

When Portuguese explorers reached the Atlantic coast of central and southern Africa, they found

strong African kingdoms.

After Columbus's contact with the New World, Europeans brought ______ back to Europe, which broke out in more virulent form than ever before.

syphilis

In his plea to the queen to settle America, the English clergyman Richard Hakluyt made all of the following arguments

that it was crucial to spread Protestantism, that it was imperative to counter the growing French threat, and that the New World would serve as a market for English goods

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's expedition to what is now the southwestern United States, undertaken for the purpose of locating vast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of

the Grand Canyon.

Which of the following factors made China a powerful presence in the early modern world?

the demand for chinese goods

The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that

their civilization and Protestant religion were superior.

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?

to continue the reconquista

French pirates in the Caribbean targeted Spanish galleons in order to take their cargoes of

silver.

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened

the food supply.

European monarchs began forging nation-states in what era?

the mid-fifteenth century

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?

the middle ages

When James I came to power, how did he treat Elizabeth's favorite, Raleigh?

He arrested and eventually executed him.

In 1519 the Spanish Conquistador ___ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico

Hernán Cortés

Which of the following correctly describe sugar production?

It was expensive to cultivate, it spoiled easily, and It required constant tending.

Which of the following best summarizes Calvin's and Luther's views on the role of Christians in society?

Luther believed that Christians should accept the existing social order, whereas Calvin taught that they should reshape society.

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land, and Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease.

The mines in the Spanish New World were worked

by black slaves, white workers, and Indians.

Christopher Columbus believed that the fastest route to ______ was to the west.

china

By 1800, Spanish immigration to the Americas

continued to be very small.

What contributed to the Ottoman Empire's rise to influence and power?

controlling key trade routes

True or false: Following the conquest of the New World, people from Spain immigrated in large numbers.

false