CH.2 Nutrition

______ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice.

RD

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

drug

a substance, natural or human-made, that alters body functions

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that______.

adds to a person's dietary intake contains one or more dietary ingredients

Because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, _____ cannot be established.

causation

Observational epidemiological research includes______.

cohort studies and case-control studies

Registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)

college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics

Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

experimental study involving humans that usually randomly divides a group of people into treatment and control groups

peer review

expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published

control group

group being studied that does not receive a treatment

Treatment group

group being studied that receives a treatment

alternative health care

health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners

When researchers find new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition, _____.

old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded

variable

personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome

testimonial

personal endorsement of a product

Quackery

promotion of useless medical treatments

Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of

quackery

correlation

relationship between variables

anecdotes

reports of personal experiences

Epidemiology

study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.

surveys of and physical examinations of

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information.

1) biased 2) is usually a registered dietitian. 3) has experience in the application of scientific methodology. 4) has extensive college coursework in nutrition.

Organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish.

1) make observations 2) develop a hypothesis 3) design the study and perform tests 4) analyze data and draw conclusions 5) share results with peers

Epidemiologists use data from NHANES to determine the

1) prevalence of major diseases. 2) national standards for height, weight, and blood pressure. 3) risk factors for major diseases.

In vivo experiment

An experiment that uses whole living organisms; example a frog

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It enables scientists to control the influence of other variables in the study.

In vitro or "test tube" experiments

Controlled laboratory experiments on cells or other components derived from living organisms

case-control study

study that compares individuals who have a health condition with persons who have similar characteristics but are healthy

Experiment

systematic way of testing a hypothesis

Evidence based

Information that is based on results of scientific studies