Ch.27 Female Reproductive System

Which of the following does NOT occur in both the male and female sexual response? A. A refractory period follows orgasm. B. Blood flow to genital structures increases. C. Blood pressure and heart rate increase. D. Muscles of structures in the reproductive duct contract rhythmically

A. A refractory period follows orgasm.

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________. A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium. B. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle. C. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation. D. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. A. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. B. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development. C. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation. D. The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte.

A. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

Which of the following is an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovulation? A. It maintains the corpus luteum. B. It thins the cervical plug to facilitate the passage of sperm. C. It stimulates production of a new functional layer of the endometrium. D. It inhibits the formation of secretory glands in the mucosal endometrium during the secretive stage.

A. It maintains the corpus luteum. LH maintains the corpus luteum. Increased levels of estrogen promote the release of LH at ovulation, but the increased levels of progesterone after ovulation inhibit the release of LH, which causes the degradation of the corpus luteum.

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs? A. It secretes progesterone and some estrogen for about three months. B. It produces progesterone and some estrogen for about 10 days and then degrades. C. It implants into the uterine wall to begin pregnancy. D. It continues to stimulate development of the oocyte until ovulation can occur.

A. It secretes progesterone and some estrogen for about three months. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum prevents another menstrual cycle by releasing progesterone and estrogen until the placenta can take over and maintain those hormone levels.

A couple is undergoing evaluation for difficulty conceiving a child. The female is able to ovulate, and the male produces adequate normal sperm. The woman reports 20 days between menses. What problem does this suggest? A. The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon. B. Her pituitary does not produce follicle-stimulating hormone. C. Her pituitary does not produce luteinizing hormone. D. Her hypothalamus does not produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

A. The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon. Luteal phase dysfunction occurs when the corpus luteum "closes shop" too soon, resulting in early shedding of the stratum functionalis of the uterus. A fertilized ovum may arrive in the uterine cavity but find no secretory endometrium in which to implant.

Which of the following differentiates the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle? A. The follicular phase occurs directly before ovulation, and the luteal phase occurs directly after ovulation. B. The follicular phase is the period during which the follicle secretes estrogen, and the luteal phase is when the follicle secretes luteinizing hormone. C. The follicular phase ends with a peak in progesterone production that triggers ovulation and the start of the luteal phase. D. The luteal phase occurs directly before ovulation while estrogen levels are high, and the follicular phase occurs directly after ovulation when estrogen levels drop.

A. The follicular phase occurs directly before ovulation, and the luteal phase occurs directly after ovulation. The follicular phase is the period in which the dominant follicle prepares for ovulation and secretes large amounts of estrogen. The luteal phase occurs after ovulation as the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? A. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system. B. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant. C. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. D. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.

A. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.

Amenorrhea can occur in women engaged in extremely strenuous physical activity. It also occurs in women who ______. A. are pregnant B. are overweight for a prolonged period of time. C. have the classic type of Addison's disease D. All of the listed responses are correct.

A. are pregnant Amenorrhea is the suppression or unusual absence of menstruation. During pregnancy, the embryo and its surrounding tissues produce hormones that prevent endometrial cell death.

Effects of estrogen include ________. A. growth of the breasts at puberty. B. increased oiliness of the skin. C. growth of the larynx. D. deepening of the voice.

A. growth of the breasts at puberty.

The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________. A.the SRY gene. B. presence of progesterone. C. lack of an X chromosome. D. inhibition of estrogen.

A. the SRY gene

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, __________. A. the endometrium prepares for implantation. B. the endometrium is shed. C. the functional layer of the endometrium regenerates. D. ovulation occurs

A. the endometrium prepares for implantation Secretions in the endometrium during the secretory phase aide in implantation.

What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte? A. uterine (fallopian) tube B. cervical canal C. Vagina D. uterus

A. uterine (fallopian) tube Eggs that successfully implant in the uterus are first fertilized in the uterine tube. This does not imply a "tubal pregnancy," where the zygote implants in the uterine tube.

What is the role of the granulosa cells in the ovarian cycle? A. Granulosa cells become the secondary oocyte once the antrum is formed. B. Granulosa cells guide the development of the oocyte. C. Granulosa cells release LH to trigger ovulation. D. Granulosa cells produce progesterone.

B. Granulosa cells guide the development of the oocyte. Granulosa cells are directly connected to the oocyte by gap junctions, allowing for direct communication between the oocyte and granular cells. These cells guide each other's development.

Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function. A. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into. B. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization. C. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth. D. The rhythmic, reverse peristalsis of the uterus can propel sperm toward the egg.

B. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female? A. The vaginal mucosa lacks glands. B. The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline. C. The mucosa of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium. D. The vagina is also called the birth canal.

B. The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline. The pH of the vagina is acidic.

What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? A. vesicular follicle B. corpus luteum C. primary follicle D. corpus albicans

B. corpus luteum The corpus luteum forms at the beginning of the secretory phase and produces hormones that support the uterus. When it degenerates about 12 days later, the uterus enters menses.

Which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? A. vesicular follicle growth. B. corpus luteum secretion. C. late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline. D. development of endometrial cells

B. corpus luteum secretion

Which of the following female sex hormones is most responsible for estrogenic effects? A. estradiol B. estriol C. progesterone D. estrone

B. estradiol Estradiol is most responsible for estrogen's effects.

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. A. potentially of different sexes B. genetically identical C. dizygotic D. fraternal

B. genetically identical

Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube? A. infundibulum, isthmus, uterus, ampulla B. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus C. ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, uterus D. uterus, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

B. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus After ovulation, the oocyte enters the infundibulum, travels through the ampulla and isthmus, and enters the uterus.

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation. A. estrogen B. luteinizing hormone (LH) C. progesterone D. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

B. luteinizing hormone (LH) When estrogen reaches a certain level in the body, it triggers a positive feedback loop that triggers an LH surge. This triggers ovulation.

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels. A. LH B. progesterone C. estrogen D. FSH

B. progesterone

Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females? A. promotes lactation B. promotes oogenesis C. suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). D. promotes water loss (diuresis)

B. promotes oogenesis Estrogens promotes oogenesis in the follicle.

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg? A. myometrium B. stratum functionalis of the endometrium. C. stratum basalis of the endometrium. D. perimetrium

B. stratum functionalis of the endometrium Implantation occurs at the stratum functionalis, the innermost layer of the uterus.

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________. A. pregnancy B. the follicular phase C. the luteal phase D. ovulation

B. the follicular phase A secondary oocyte is formed during the follicular phase.

What is the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production? A. Estrogen only inhibits LH production so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding decrease in LH levels. B. Estrogen levels have no effect on LH production. C. Estrogen may have either an inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels. D. Estrogen only has an excitatory effect on LH release so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding increase in LH levels.

C. Estrogen may have either an inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels. Estrogen exerts negative feedback on LH production until estrogen levels reach a certain concentration, and then estrogen exerts positive feedback on LH production, which promotes ovulation.

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. A. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8. B. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest. C. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo. D. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone.

C. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur? A. FSH B. progesterone C. LH D. estrogen

C. LH

What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase? A. Glandular secretions commence. B. Stratum functionalis is shed. C. Ovulation occurs. D. Menstruation begins.

C. Ovulation occurs. Ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary occurs at around day 14 of the cycle, just as the uterine proliferative phase ends and the secretory phase begins.

Jasmine is started on oral contraceptives containing a combination of an estrogen and progesterone. These will regulate her menstrual cycles and decrease her androgen level. They will also act to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation. What phase of the uterine cycle is caused by sustained elevation of both estrogen and progesterone levels? A. Proliferative phase. B. Menstrual phase. C. Secretory phase. D. Follicular phase.

C. Secretory phase. Yes, this is a phase in which both estrogens and progesterone are elevated.

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE? A. Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions. B. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms. C. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated. D. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males.

C. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation? A. The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced. B. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only. C. The endometrium enters its secretory phase. D. The corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans

C. The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk? A. lactiferous ducts B. lactiferous sinus C. alveoli D. areola

C. alveoli Alveoli deep in breast tissue produce milk, which is passed to the openings in the nipple.

At which point in the uterine cycle are the ovarian hormone levels at their lowest? A. at the beginning of the proliferative phase. B. at ovulation C. at the beginning of the menstrual phase. D. about one week after ovulation.

C. at the beginning of the menstrual phase The ovarian hormone levels are lowest at the beginning of the menstrual phase. Their low levels are what trigger menstruation.

During cellular division, the replication of DNA occurs __________. A. before mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II. B. before mitosis, but it is not necessary for it to occur before either meiosis I or meiosis II. C. before mitosis and meiosis I. D. before mitosis and between meiosis I and meiosis II.

C. before mitosis and meiosis I Replication must occur before mitosis, which includes the separation of sister chromatids. Replication must occur before meiosis so that sister chromatids can be separated in meiosis II. Replication does not occur between meiosis I and II.

Normally menstruation occurs when ________. A. blood levels of FSH fall off. B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase. C. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. D. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen

C. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? A. clitoris B. vagina C. labia majora D. labia minora

C. labia majora

Which hormone is most responsible for triggering ovulation? A. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B. estrogen C. luteinizing hormone (LH) D. progesterone

C. luteinizing hormone (LH) Estrogen levels increase during the follicular phase, which triggers a surge of LH. This surge of LH triggers ovulation.

The __________ develop into the female duct system. A. gonadal ridges B. urethral folds C. paramesonephric ducts D. mesonephric ducts

C. paramesonephric ducts The paramesonephric ducts develop into the female duct system.

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina? A. serves as a passageway for menstrual flow. B. serves as the birth canal. C. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte. D. receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse.

C. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. A. vagina B. ovary C. uterine tubes D. uterus

C. uterine tubes

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. A. Graafian follicles B. infundibula C. uterine tubes D. fimbriae

C. uterine tubes

Which of the following is an incorrect matching of female reproductive structures with their functions? A. vagina: birth canal. B. ovarian follicle: ovum (egg) production. C. uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm. D. uterine tube: transport ovum to uterus.

C. uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm The uterine tube is the location where fertilization generally occurs. The uterus (womb) is the organ that receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum during pregnancy.

What structure is the target for gonadotropin stimulation occurring during the events that lead to ovulation? A. pituitary gland B. the corpus luteum C. vesicular follicles D. the endometrium

C. vesicular follicles Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) released by the anterior pituitary stimulate vesicular follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones.

Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus? A. constipation B. chronic coughing C. obesity D. All of the listed responses are correct.

D. All of the listed responses are correct. Use your textbook to review the anatomical location of the uterus.

Besides causing genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with what type of cancer? A. testicular B. ovarian C. uterine D. cervical

D. Cervical

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with untreated gonorrheal infections results in fallopian tube scarring and infertility. What other disorder would a female with PID be at high risk for? A. bladder stones B. bacterial vaginosis C. miscarriage D. ectopic pregnancy

D. Ectopic pregnancy

Jasmine's doctor has ordered measurement of her androgen levels. Which of the following statements is most accurate about this test? A. It depends on the phase of her cycle; androgens are only synthesized during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. B. It should come back negative, because women do not produce any androgens. C. It depends on her muscle mass; androgens are anabolic steroids and cause muscle growth, so more muscle means more androgens. D. Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens.

D. Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens. The thecal cells of ovarian follicles produce androgens, but they are converted to estrogens. GIVEN: 23-Year-Old Female with Menstrual IrregularityJasmine Herrera, 23, has been referred to the endocrinology clinic. She is very overweight, with obvious acne and facial hair. She complains of irregular menstrual cycles. "My husband and I want to use the rhythm method," she says, "but I don't have any rhythm!"

When does ovulation occur in the uterine cycle? A. at the end of the menstrual phase B. at the end of the luteal phase C. at the end of the secretory phase D. at the end of the proliferative phase

D. at the end of the proliferative phase A surge in luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, around day 14.

Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy? A. reduced blood flow to the ovaries. B. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes. C. reduced number of granulosa cells. D. decreased rate of formation of vesicular follicles.

D. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes The cilia within the fallopian tubes function to move an ovulated oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.

If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate? A. within the next 4 days B. In about 24 days C. in about 14 days D. in about 10 days

D. in about 10 days

During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed? A. secretory, or postovulatory, phase B. proliferative phase C. preovulatory phase D. menstrual phase

D. menstrual phase The functional layer of the endometrium is shed during days 1 through 5 of the uterine cycle, a process called menses or menstruation.

During what stage of meiosis do chromosomes align on the spindle equator in homologous pairs? A. metaphase II B. anaphase II C. anaphase I D. metaphase I

D. metaphase I Homologous chromosomes form tetrads in prophase I and align on the spindle equator as homologous pairs in metaphase I.

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. A. development of the female secondary sex characteristics. B. contraction of uterine muscles. C. proliferation of the uterine myometrium. D. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

D. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? A. maximal LH secretion and menstruation. B. early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus. C. maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation. D. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion.

D. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion.

The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill," contains an estrogen and progesterone, or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones, taken in the pill and circulating in the blood, works because ________. A. the hormones prevent the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and the embryo will have no place to implant. B. the hormones cause a thickening of the mucus plug at the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg. C. the hormones create an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide. D. the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.

D. the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation

Why do chiasmata form during meiosis? A. to trigger formation of polar bodies. B. to form four identical daughter cells. C. to maintain a diploid number of chromosomes in the cells produced by meiosis I. D. to form gametes that are genetically unique.

D. to form gametes that are genetically unique Unlike mitosis, meiosis has the purpose of producing haploid cells that are all genetically unique. Chiasmata form and genetic material is exchanged between chromatids of homologous chromosomes to provide genetic variation in each daughter cell.

What is the purpose of meiosis? A. to allow for replacing of worn out cells. B. to create more cells during growth and development of the body. C. to repair and heal damaged tissues D. to produce haploid reproductive cells.

D. to produce haploid reproductive cells Meiosis occurs in order to produce haploid gametes that can join via sexual reproduction. Gametes can then join to make a new diploid cell that contains a combination of the parents' genetic material.

Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production. True False

False

Female orgasm is required for conception. True False

False

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs. True False

False

Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle. True False

False

The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen. True False

False

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only. True False

False

The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle. True False

False

In females, orgasm is required for fertilization. True False

False In females, orgasm is not required for fertilization. All that is required Is ovulation to set in motion the events that need to occur to lead to fertilization.

The mammary glands are well developed in all females. True False

False The mammary glands become active during pregnancy. In females who have never become pregnant, the ductwork is fairly rudimentary.

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix. True False

True

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium. True False

True