Ch3

While pregnant, Chloe suffered from depression. Her infant is likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Elevated heart rate, suppressed motor activity, high irritability

What is the name of the membrane that contains a clear, watery fluid in which the fetus floats?

the amnitotic sac

In contrast to cultural practices of sleep in the United States, the Kipsigi community in rural Kenya practice

allow infants to take many naps and wake several times throughout the night to nurse on demand.

Regarding brain growth, during the first two years of life, the infant brain

doubles its volume.

During Meredith's pregnancy, Meredith had a procedure performed thatresulted in an image of her fetus. This technique is called

ultrasonography

How does a mother's sleep and wake routine influence the circadian rhythm of the fetus?

The fetus's circadian rhythm develops in response to signals from the mother, whose body releases the hormone melatonin when regulating sleep. Thus, pregnant mothers who go to sleep and wake up at consistent hours support circadian adaptations in their fetuses.

The weeks that precede and follow an infant's birth is known as the

perinatal period.

Which has not been proposed as a likely reason for the relatively high infant mortality rates in the United States?

Changes in access to health care, clean water, and nutrition over the twentieth century

During the time when a woman's egg leaves an ovary and travels into the fallopian tube, is when the egg

releases a chemical substance that attracts a man's sperm.

The process of implantation involves the

blastocyst becoming firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus.

Maternal malnourishment may lead to fetal growth retardation and low birth weight due to

"starvation" signals to the fetus that food is likely to be scarce in the future.

How do we know that a fetus has some awareness that it is moving a certain body part?

A fetus will open its mouth before rather than after its hand arrives to the mouth, indicating that it anticipates that the hand is approaching the mouth rather than another part of the body. After the hand arrives at the mouth, the fetus often sucks its thumb in what may be considered the first goal-directed actions of human development.

Which is an example of a developmental cascade?

As the fetus moves, it generates feedback that leads to improved motor coordination, which is important for later motor development.

_______is (are) characteristic of the first stage of labor, while _______ is (are) characteristic of the second stage of labor.

Contractions; pushing

Age can affect both male and female reproductive health. How are the effects of age similar and different for males and females?

For both males and females, as age increases, the probability of reproduction decreases. For men, the probability of a mutated sperm fertilizing an egg increases as men age. This can lead to a genetic disorder called achondroplasia. The number of eggs present in a woman's body decreases across age. The likelihood of conception decreases as women age. The probability of abnormalities increases as women age (particularly Down's syndrome) because older eggs are subject to chromosomal error.

Describe the fertility treatment in which eggs are incubated and fertilized to create an embryo.

In vitro fertilization is a process in which eggs and sperm are incubated in a laboratory dish to produce an embryo. A woman takes medication to stimulate the production of multiple eggs, the eggs are removed from the ovaries, and the sperm and eggs are placed in a dish and left in an incubator. The sperm can fertilize the egg on its own or through injection of the sperm into the egg.

Which is not a developmental cascade related to low birth weight?

None of the above—all are possible developmental cascades related to low birth weight Cerebral palsy Compromised motor coordination persisting into adulthood Problems with attention Problems with language development

Describe an example of a developmental cascade that can lead to low birth weight and then cascade to other later outcomes.

Poor prenatal health can cause low birth weight and premature birth. The resulting low birth weight can lead to disproportionately high problems in attention, language development, brain and neurological functioning, cognitive development, and health. These conditions can persist into adolescence and adulthood.

What might be an outcome of an infant being exposed to heroin prenatally?

SIDS

A reason that an infant may experience anoxia can be due to

a baby being in the breech position.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized in children by

a small forehead, short nose, and thin upper lip.

The placement of a man's sperm into a woman's uterus using a long, narrow tube, which is sometimes used to address infertility, is referred to as

intrauterine insemination (IUI).

A condition in which an infant is born with an abnormally small head and brain is called

microcephaly

Zoe noticed that, while sleeping, she rarely dreams and does not change position in her bed. Zoe is likely to be mostly in what type of sleep?

non-rem

An evolutionary argument for how the adaptive response to maternal stress may aid a fetus to survive postnatally includes the idea that

prenatal exposure to cortisol can affect infant negativity and lateraggression which may help children compete for resources and cope with a hostile and threatening world.

Children whose mothers consumed high levels of fish oil (DHA) while pregnant are more likely to

show advantages on visual attention and processing speed at 24 months.

The main difference between premature infants and small-for-date infants is that

small-for-date infants weigh less than expected at birth based on the time they spent in the womb.

Cortisol regulates body processes such as metabolism and _______ and helps the body respond to _______.

the immune response; stress

Fred and Ted are identical twins. This means

the zygote split in half soon after conception.

The first six weeks after childbirth is what period of development?

The postnatal period

As an infant, Sarah began to hold her head up before she was able to balance her torso. Developing the ability to hold her head up before developing the ability to balance her torso is a demonstration of what principle of growth?

Cephalocaudal development

As an infant, Bryan started using his hands to grasp objects with his whole hand before he was able to use his fingers to press small buttons and turn knobs. The ability to grasp objects before being able to use fingers individually is an example of what principle of growth?

Proximodistal development

Describe factors that lead to cell specialization.

The function of cells depends on the subset of genes that are turned on and expressed. The location in the body also influences cell specialization. The timing of cell specialization also influences the ultimate role of a cell.

The Barker hypothesis was established as a result of

detailed records of women's life histories and pregnancies being combined with national health records to reveal developmental origins of disease.

The Apgar scale is an assessment of newborn health and is based on ratings including neonate

pulse, grimace, and respiration.