Ch.3 - Carbohydrates

*The nurse is teaching a group of clients how to read food labels and identify sugars. After the class, the clients were able to successfully identify various forms of sugar. Which of the following were the sugars they identified? Select all that apply. beet juice brown rice syrup cane juice stevia sucralose

beet juice brown rice syrup cane juice (Beet juice, brown rice syrup, and cane juice are examples of added sugars that are used in various processed foods. Stevia and sucralose are nonnutritive sweeteners.)

The nurse recognizes that whole-grain products must consist of the certain components of the grain. What of the following is one of those components? bran husk stem leaves

bran (bran, endosperm, germ)

The nurse is teaching the client about healthy consumption of carbohydrates. The nurse is sure that teaching has been effective when the client makes what statement? "I should decrease intake of fiber and increase intake of complex carbohydrates." "I should plan my intake to increase fiber and limit added sugars." "My carbohydrate intake should consist of 50% fiber and 50% simple sugars." "My diet should replace carbohydrates with fruits and vegetables."

"I should plan my intake to increase fiber and limit added sugars."

A client is distressed because a weight loss diet that focused on glycemic load has not resulted in an appreciable reduction in weight. What should the nurse respond to this client? "That is unusual since a glycemic load diet does help with weight reduction." "The best way to lose weight on this diet is to vary the glycemic loads of foods." "Increasing the intake of high-fat foods promotes weight loss with this type of diet." "Unfortunately, claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes weight loss aren't proven."

"Unfortunately, claims that a low glycemic index diet promotes weight loss aren't proven."

The nurse is helping a client calculate how many calories the client is eating through carbohydrates. If the client consumes 30 grams of carbohydrate a day, how many calories is she consuming with those carbohydrates? Enter the correct number ONLY.

120 calories (30 x 4)

When providing nutritional information to a client seeking to make eating pattern changes, the nurse correctly states the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for total carbohydrate intake for adults is how much? 130 g/day. 150 g/day. 110 g/day. 90 g/day.

130 g/day.

The nurse is reviewing a client's food log and calculating how many calories the client has consumed. The nurse knows that there are how many calories in a gram of carbohydrates? Enter the correct answer ONLY.

4 cal/g

*The nurse is seeing a client who is newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The client tells the nurse she does not want to consume chemical based nonnutritive sweeteners. Which of the following sugar alternatives should the nurse recommend? stevia sucralose aspartame saccharin

stevia (Stevia is produced from the stevia plant, an herb. The other choices are produced by mixing various chemicals.)

The nurse recognizes that disaccharides are composed of two sugar molecules. The combination of glucose and fructose creates: sucrose. maltose. lactose. galactose.

sucrose.

The nurse is educating a newly diagnosed diabetic about glycemic response. Which statement from the client indicates an understanding of the effect food has on blood glucose concentration? "A food's glycemic response can be influenced by many variables." "If I have to pick between a soda or rice cakes, I should always pick the rice cakes." "Carbohydrates that are considered simple sugars are absorbed slowly by the body." "I can eat any vegetable without having to worry about it affecting my blood glucose."

"A food's glycemic response can be influenced by many variables."

*A nurse has been trying to teach a client newly diagnosed with diabetes how to interpret food labels and recognize sugars. The client is very upset. He understood about "glucose" but considered "fructose" to be safe to eat without monitoring the amount of intake. Which of the following would be an appropriate response from the nurse? "Fructose is changed to glucose by the liver." "Perhaps you were thinking of dextrose?" "You should actually be avoiding glycogen" "Perhaps you should take a note card with you next time."

"Fructose is changed to glucose by the liver." (It is important to remain nonjudgmental and validate the client's concerns. It is also important to continue teaching and reteaching without becoming impatient or angry with the client. Teaching the basic facts would be an important step. If the client continues not to understand, the nurse should evaluate the way in which the teaching is occurring and perhaps find a different way to share the information. Dextrose and glucose are interchangeable terms, both refer to the same type of monosaccharide. Glycogen is the animal (including human) version of starch; it is stored carbohydrate available for energy as needed. It cannot be consumed directly from food.)

A non-diabetic client presents to the emergency room with a month-long history of nausea, fatigue, and increased urination. During the nurse's intake assessment, which client statement would the nurse investigate further? "Since the weather has been so nice, I have started exercising outside." "I recently changed my diet to that one everyone swears by." "I drink a lot of water during the day to stay hydrated." "I get about 7 hours of sleep a night but sometimes I wake up for no reason."

"I recently changed my diet to that one everyone swears by."

The client is upset that despite incorporating low-sugar and sugar-free foods into her eating pattern, she is not losing weight and her blood sugar is still difficult to control. The nurse notes which of the following reasons the client is having this problem? "Sugar-free" does not mean calorie-free. The client needs to cut out more fat. The client's problem is not related to food. The client is misreading the labels.

"Sugar-free" does not mean calorie-free.

*The nurse is seeing a client who has been reading about the different nonnutritive sweeteners that are listed on his menu plan as acceptable alternatives to sugar. The client is questioning saccharin because he read that it is a potential carcinogen. How should the nurse respond? "The FDA has officially withdrawn the proposed ban because evidence is weak." "Competitor companies are saying that to scare people." "It's your choice. No one is going to make you eat it." "You can't trust the Internet."

"The FDA has officially withdrawn the proposed ban because evidence is weak."

*The nurse is assessing a client's food logs in following up on diet changes recently implemented due to type 2 diabetes. The client's calculations do not match the nurse's. Which of the following items is not a correct single serving size? 1/2 cup dried fruit 1/2 cup potatoes 1 slice bread 1/2 cup yogurt

1/2 cup dried fruit (A serving of fruit is defined as 3/4 cup juice, 1 piece of fresh fruit, 1/2 cup canned fruit, or 1/4 cup dried fruit. Dried fruit is more concentrated because of the dehydration process; therefore the 1/2 cup dried fruit is actually 2 servings, and the client has been consuming double what he should have been.)

*The American Heart Association (AHA) has shared recommendations for maximum caloric intake for adults related to added sugars. Which of the following is this recommendation? 100 cal/day for women; 150 cal/day for men 125 cal/day for women; 175 cal/day for men 150 cal/day for women; 125 cal/day for men 100 cal/day for women; 100 cal/day for men

100 cal/day for women; 150 cal/day for men

The nurse is teaching a nutrition class to a group of adults. The nurse indicates that the Adequate Intake (AI) for total fiber is set at which of the following amounts? 25 g/day for women; 38 g/day for men 20 g/day for women; 30 g/day for men 38 g/day for women; 25 g/day for men 30 g/day for women; 20 g/day for men

25 g/day for women; 38 g/day for men

*The nurse is helping a client incorporate vegetables into a carbohydrate reduced meal plan. The nurse explains that half a cup of "watery" vegetables contains approximately how many grams of carbohydrates? 5 9 11 15

5 (A half cup of "watery" vegetables contains approximately 5 grams of carbohydrates. Starchy vegetables contain approximately 15 grams of carbohydrates per serving.)

The nurse recognizes that the most common monosaccharides contain how many carbon atoms? 6 5 7 8

6 (Hexoses)

*The nurse is providing a follow up nutritional session with a client. The client is surprised to learn that carbohydrates have fewer calories than fat does. The client has calculated that she consumed 200 grams of carbohydrates for the day. The nurse knows the client consumed a daily total of how many calories? 800 calories 1,000 calories 600 calories 1,200 calories

800 calories (There are 4 calories in each gram of carbohydrates. This client consumed 200 grams, so 200 x 4 = 800 calories.)

*The nurse recognizes that polyols can be made from several different sources. What is the most common source? Corn Seaweed Lactose Wheat

Corn

The nurse cares for a client with liver cirrhosis. In which way will the nurse expect this health problem to impact the client's nutritional status? Increase in storage of glucose Improved metabolism of glucose Difficulty breaking down glucose Altered amount of stored glycogen

Altered amount of stored glycogen (Glucose is not broken down. It is transported into the cells to be used for energy.)

A young mother is concerned about her children developing dental caries and is asking for appropriate suggestions to help prevent them. Which of the following is an appropriate suggestion for the nurse to offer? Avoid sugary items that stay in the mouth for a long time. Brush your teeth twice a day. Chew gum with sucrose. Allow sodas only between meals.

Avoid sugary items that stay in the mouth for a long time.

The body depends on carbohydrates to provide energy. Which organ is totally dependent on glucose for energy? Brain Muscles Colon Pancreas

Brain

The National Academy of Sciences has put forth a recommendation to replace the terms "insoluble" and "soluble" with terms more descriptive of the physiologic benefits of particular fibers. What term has been suggested for intact and naturally occurring plant fiber? Functional fiber Dietary fiber Total fiber True fiber

Dietary fiber

*When teaching clients nutritional interventions for preventing long-term health problems, the nurse should emphasize limiting the intake of sugar for which of the following reasons? Diets high in added sugar likely provide inadequate amounts of essential nutrients. Diets high in added sugar will likely result in type 2 diabetes. Diets high in added sugar contribute to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. Diets high in added sugar guarantee a life of obesity.

Diets high in added sugar likely provide inadequate amounts of essential nutrients. (A high intake of added sugars can displace nutrient-containing foods and contribute to excess calorie intake)

A nurse is providing teaching to a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes. The nurse describes a phenomenon in which a food causes serum glucose to rise to an elevated level before returning to basline. The nurse recognizes that teaching has been effective when the client identifies what term as referring to this phenomenon? Glycemic index Glycemic indication Glycemic load Glycemic response

Glycemic response

The nurse is teaching a group of third-grade students about cavities, or dental caries. Which of the following statements is true? Limiting added sugars is one strategy to reduce the risk of dental caries. Only added sugars in foods can cause dental caries. Starch, not sugar, provides the bacteria needed to create dental caries. Whole grain crackers will not cause dental caries.

Limiting added sugars is one strategy to reduce the risk of dental caries.

*A client is recovering from a gunshot wound to the abdomen. The client's labs show an electrolyte imbalance. The nurse is aware that the imbalance could be a result of which organ's injury within the abdomen? Small intestine Stomach Liver Pancreas

Small intestine (The nurse is aware that the majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine which, if injured, could result in decreased absorption of nutrients. The stomach churns and mixes its contents, but its acidic medium limits absorption. The liver and pancreas play vital roles in metabolism, not absorption. Monosaccharides are absorbed through intestinal mucosal cells and transported to the liver through the portal vein where the liver converts fructose and galactose to glucose. A rise in blood glucose concentration after eating causes the pancreas to secrete insulin, which moves glucose out of the bloodstream and into the cells.)

The nurse is conducting a nutrition class of individuals newly diagnosed with diabetes. The nurse explains that shortly after eating, what happens in the body? The pancreas releases insulin to move the glucose from the blood stream to the individual cells. The liver stores the excess glucose as glucagon. The pancreas releases glycogen to balance the insulin secretion. The pancreas releases insulin to move the glucose to the liver for processing.

The pancreas releases insulin to move the glucose from the blood stream to the individual cells.

During a home visit the nurse notes that a client's stage 2 pressure injury is not healing as quickly as expected. Why should the nurse assess this client's intake of carbohydrates? They build new tissue They spare protein needed for healing They prevent further tissue breakdown They promote the development of ketosis

They spare protein needed for healing

The nurse recognizes that nonnutritive sweeteners are produced from a variety of sources. One common sweetener is produced by combining amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. This common nonnutritive sweetener is called which of the following? aspartame acesulfame potassium sucralose saccharin

aspartame

The nurse is providing education on nonnutritive sweeteners. The nurse should include a cautionary discussion about using nonnutritive sweeteners when trying to lose weight for which of the following reasons? calories come from more than just sugar. nonnutritive sweeteners still have calories. the FDA requires it. sugar-free foods have fewer calories, but they still count.

calories come from more than just sugar.

When providing education to a group of students, the school health nurse correctly states that around the world, the most commonly found nutrient in the human diet is which of the following? carbohydrates. sugar. fats. added sugar.

carbohydrates.

The nurse recognizes that carbohydrates are a class of energy-yielding nutrients that contain which of the following elements? Select all that apply. carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen calcium

carbon hydrogen oxygen

The nurse is preparing to teach a class on the benefits of eating whole grains. The nurse is aware that eating patterns rich in whole grains are associated with a lower risk of which of the following health problems? cardiovascular disease. type 1 diabetes. renal disease. liver disease.

cardiovascular disease. (Lower risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, may aid in weight management.)

The nurse is explaining the different type of sugars to a client. The nurse correctly classifies maltose and lactose in which of the following sugar categories? disaccharides. monosaccharides. trisaccharides. polysaccharides.

disaccharides

The nurse is discussing enriched grains with a group of young mothers. The nurse informs the women that enriched grains must be fortified with which of the following? folic acid. vitamin D. iron. B vitamins.

folic acid.

When explaining the nutritional value of adding fruit to an eating pattern, the nurse states that most of the calories in fruit come from which of the following sugars? fructose. galactose. sucrose. maltose.

fructose (Almost all calories in fruit come from fructose and glucose.)

The nurse is explaining to a group of college students how the body tries to maintain a steady supply of glucose for energy between meals. The nurse explains that the liver breaks down which substance to release glucose? glycogen glucagon galactose sucrose

glycogen

The nurse who is providing education during a nutritional class shares that the individual body cells take only as much glucose as is needed for immediate energy. The nurse knows teaching has been effective when the students states the liver and muscle cells store excess glucose as which of the following? glycogen. glucose. glucagon. galactose.

glycogen

The nurse recognizes that glucose, fructose, and galactose are also referred to as which of the following? monosaccharides. disaccharides. trisaccharides. polysaccharides.

monosaccharides

A client has been brought to the unit with general complaints of nausea, fatigue, and anorexia. On assessment, the nurse learns that the client has not been eating well and has been eating mainly a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. The nurse is aware that which of the following may be occurring? ketosis acidosis alkalosis glycolysis

ketosis

When teaching about the path of glucose in the body, the nurse can explain that after it is absorbed into the intestinal mucosa, glucose travels next to which of the following body organs? liver. kidneys. muscles. brain.

liver (Glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and travel to the liver via the portal vein. They are then sent throughout the body, where they are used as energy.)

The nurse is teaching a nutrition class. The nurse recognizes that the students understand the lesson when one student makes which of the following statements? monosaccharides are absorbed in the body without undergoing digestion. monosaccharides must be split into smaller components before absorption. maltose and lactose are types of monosaccharides. fiber is a component of monosaccharides.

monosaccharides are absorbed in the body without undergoing digestion.

The nurse recognizes that the bran layer of grains contains many components that are beneficial. When teaching about the nutritional benefits of whole grains, the nurse states that one of the nonnutrient compounds that has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases is which of the following? phytonutrients protein. starch. vitamin E.

phytonutrients

The nurse educator is discussing the effects of the digestion process of starch in a nutritional health class. The class should understand that cooked starch begins digestion due to the action of which of the following? salivary amylase. stomach acids. pancreatic amylase. disaccharides.

salivary amylase.

The nurse is facilitating a weight management class for a group of adolescents. Today's discussion is about recognizing the added sugars in their diets. After the meeting, the students can successfully recognize that which product contains the most added sugar? soda candy doughnuts ice cream

soda (Soda, energy drinks, and sport drinks are the largest contributor to empty calories in the American diet.)

*The nurse instructs a client on foods to increase total fiber intake to 25 grams/day. Which breakfast choice indicate that teaching has been effective? Scrambled eggs, bacon, ½ cup sliced strawberries Buttermilk pancakes, maple syrup, bacon, orange slices 1 cup oatmeal, ½ cup skim milk, blueberries and sliced banana ½ cup all bran cereal, ½ cup skim milk, 1 slice whole wheat bread, sliced pear

½ cup all bran cereal, ½ cup skim milk, 1 slice whole wheat bread, sliced pear (The breakfast choice of all bran cereal, whole wheat bread, and a pear provides 18 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice of ½ cup strawberries provides 1.5 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice with orange slices provides 4 grams of fiber. The breakfast choice with oatmeal and banana provides 7 grams of fiber.)