Ch.3-Ch.4

ion

an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because of a difference in the number of electrons and protons

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers released from axon terminals

precursors

chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters

synaptic vesicles

small bubbles of membrane that store neurotransmitters

axon terminals

the end region of the axon

semipermeable

allowing some, but not all, chemicals to pass

nigrostriatal dopamine pathway

one of two major dopamine pathways; damaged in Parkinson's disease

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

one of two major dopamine pathways; may be involved in psychotic reactions and in drug reward

basal ganglia

subcortical brain structures controlling muscle tone

The neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in the somatic system is _____, which acts on receptors that excite the muscle. Multiple choice question. dopamine acetylcholine norepinephrine serotonin

acetylcholine

Symbolic Impacts

These cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social status by being identified with political power and as supporting goodness, morality, and decency

nucleus basalis

a group of neurons of the basal forebrain that send projections throughout the cortex

What year did the Harrison "Narcotics" Act regulate opioids and cocaine?

1914

membrane

a thin, limiting covering of a cell

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

dopamine

neurotransmitter found in the basal ganglia and other regions

DEA

Drug Enforcement Administration

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain.

synapse

the space between neurons

antidiuretic

the suppression of urine production

After the 1965 Drug Abuse Control amendments, for the first time, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs faced widespread disregard of drug laws by young people who _____. Multiple choice question. were not functionally literate and had never been to school were not members of the underprivileged and criminal classes had a history of economic deprivation and general impoverishment had a criminal background and a tendency to indulge in violent crimes

were not members of the underprivileged and criminal classes

As of 2012, the legality of random, suspicionless urine testing for _____ has not been established at the federal level. Multiple choice question. public school students federal employees transportation workers dependent drug users

public school students

What did the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act achieve by regulating interstate commerce? Multiple choice question. It terminated the trade of habit-forming drugs across state borders. It brought the federal government full force into the drug marketplace. It protected people from development alcohol and morphine dependence. It usurped state control over the regulation of the food and drug industry.

It brought the federal government full force into the drug marketplace

_____ is a disease that results from a loss of myelin wrappings of neurons. Multiple choice question. Multiple sclerosis Schizophrenia Parkinson's disease Arthritis

Multiple sclerosis

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive brain disease that destroys memory and thinking skills

area postrema

a region of the brain stem, located in the medulla oblongata, that is important for triggering nausea and vomiting

Identify a true statement about the autonomic nervous system, or ANS. Multiple choice question. It monitors and controls the body's external environment. It plays a role in the expression and regulation of emotions. It consists of nerves that relate to vision, hearing, taste, and smell. It regulates the visceral functions of the body.

It regulates the visceral functions of the body

In the context of the functions of glia, identify a condition for a drug to be psychoactive. Multiple choice question. Its molecules must not make contact with the receptors of neurons. Its molecules must be capable of passing the blood-brain barrier. It must have a chemical structure contrasting that of neurotransmitters. It must not affect the functioning of neurotransmitters.

Its molecules must be capable of passing the blood-brain barrier.

What changes were introduced by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. The Drug Enforcement Agency was dissolved. Penalties for simple possession were greater than for making controlled substances. Mandatory minimum penalties were discontinued. Drug control was based on both a health and law enforcement perspective.

Mandatory minimum penalties were discontinued. Drug control was based on both a health and law enforcement perspective.

patent medicines

Medicines sold directly to the public under various trademark names. Primarily associated with the period before 1906.

action potential

the electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires

synthesis

the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursors

cerebral cortex

the outermost layer of the brain

autonomic

the part of the nervous system that controls "involuntary" functions, such as heart rate

After determining that many violations of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act were unintentional, the FDA began developing assay techniques for various chemicals and products and collaborated extensively with _____ to improve standards. Multiple choice question. consumers of drugs retailers of drugs the pharmaceutical industry the agricultural industry

the pharmaceutical industry

neurotransmission

the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a synapse

blood-brain barrier

the structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain

resting potential

the voltage maintained by a cell when it is not generating action potentials. The resting potential of neurons is about -65 mV

Although the basic categorization of illicit drugs in schedules is similar in most American states, _____. Multiple choice question. there are large differences in the penalties the categorization of methamphetamines varies greatly the drugs in each schedule vary greatly there are many states with no restrictions on opioids

there are large differences in the penalties

The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act required habit-forming ingredients to be clearly listed on a drug's label, but _____. Multiple choice question. there were no other federal restrictions on the sale and purchase of drugs some drugs were exempted from this until their producers obtained a patent any drug that had such an ingredient could not be bought without a prescription the proportion of these ingredients could never exceed fifty percent

there were no other federal restrictions on the sale and purchase of drugs

metabolize

to break down or inactivate a neuro-transmitter (or a drug) through enzymatic action.

What were the provisions added by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to federal law? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trials on humans. Labels of drugs need to list the proportion of habit-forming ingredients in the drugs. Distributors of habit-forming drugs need to register before legally selling such drugs. Advertisements for prescriptions drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug.

-Companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trials on humans. -Advertisements for prescriptions drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug.

morphine

A narcotic, the primary active chemical in opium. Heroin is made from morphine.

Match the components of the autonomic nervous system, or ANS, with their characteristics. -Sympathetic branch -Parasympathetic branch

-Involved in flight or fight reactions -Involves effects associated with a relaxed physiological state

Identify the reasons why the new drug application provision under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was important? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. It eliminated the role of the FDA in reviewing every new drug. It increased the power and responsibility of the FDA as well as its size. It reduced the likelihood of companies run by untrained people introducing new drugs. It stipulated that drugs did not need a physician's prescription as long as they were not toxic.

-It increased the power and responsibility of the FDA as well as its size. -It reduced the likelihood of companies run by untrained people introducing new drugs.

Rank the following regulations in the United States in the order in which they were implemented, beginning with the first to be implemented.

-The regulation of pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales -The regulation of opioids and cocaine -The prohibition of alcohol

Match the kinds of impacts of passing laws that criminalize behavior like drug use with the things they influence. Symbolic impacts Instrumental impacts

-These provide status benefits to the supporters of criminalization regardless of how effectively the laws are actually enforced. -These have effects on local, state, and federal budgets.

Match the departments with the responsibilities allocated to them by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. -The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare -The Justice Department's Drug Enforcement Agency

-This was given funding for drug-related research, treatment, and prevention efforts. -This was given responsibility for controlling certain drugs directly rather than through tax or interstate commerce laws.

In the context of the action potential, match the states of a neuron with their explanations. -Hyperpolarized -Depolarized

-When the membrane potential of a neuron is more negative -When the membrane potential of a neuron is less negative

It is estimated that _____ of the illegal drug supply in the United States is seized by federal agencies every year. Multiple choice question. around 60 percent 10 to 15 percent close to 98 percent 2 to 4 percent

10 to 15 percent

What year did the Pure Food and Drugs Act regulate pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales?

1906

Identify the important classes of drug laws.

A. A group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs B. A group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales

What were the provisions added by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to federal law?

A. Advertisements for prescriptions drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug B. Companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trials on humans

What changes were introduced by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970?

A. Drug control was based on both a health and law enforcement perspective B. Mandatory minimum penalties were discontinued

Match the controlled substance schedules with their criteria. A. Schedule I B. Schedule II C. Schedule III D. Schedule IV E. Schedule V

A. Has high potential for abuse with no currently acceptable medical use in treatment in the United States B. Has high potential for abuse that may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence with currently accepted medical use C. Has potential for abuse that may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence D. Has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to III E. Has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to IV

Match the drug testing methods with the number of days up to which they can detect drug use. A. Urine testing B. Hair testing C. Saliva testing

A. It can detect most kinds of drugs for up to three days, but it can also detect frequently used drugs for a couple of weeks after the last dose. B. It can detect drug use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods. C. It can only detect fairly recent drug use, up to one day, in most cases.

Identify the reasons why the new drug application provision under the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was important?

A. It increased the power and responsibility of the FDA as well as its size B. It reduced the likelihood of companies run by untrained people introducing new drugs

Match the years with the laws passed in the United States in those years. A.1906 B. 1914 C. 1918

A. The Pure Food and Drugs Act regulated pharmaceutical manufacturing and sales. B. The Harrison "Narcotics" Act regulated opioids and cocaine. C. The prohibition of alcohol was ratified but implemented in the next year.

Match the major regions of a neuron with their characteristics,. A. Cell body B. Dendrites C. Axon D. Axon terminals

A. The central region of a neuron B. Branchlike structures extending from the cell body C. A thin tube extending from the cell body D. The end structure of an axon

Identify the costs involved in drug-control enforcement by federal agencies.

A. The incalculable price of placing federal agents in danger of losing their lives to combat the drug trade B. The cost of housing drug-law violators in state prisons and local jails C. The cost of crimes committed to purchase drugs at black-market prices

When 107 people in the United States died in 1937 from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide containing diethylene glycol that causes kidney poisoning, why was the federal government unable to intervene on the grounds that the mixture was toxic? A. There was no legal requirements that medicine be safe B. It had never passed legislation regulating drugs C. It was unable to scientifically prove the medicine's toxicity D. There was no evidence that the people had died from taking the elixir

A. There was no legal requirements that the medicine be safe

Match the impacts of passing laws that criminalize drug use with their descriptions. A. Symbolic impacts B. Instrumental impacts

A. These cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social status by being identified with political power and as supporting goodness, morality, and decency. B. These refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of such laws, including those who are arrested and their families, and those whose livelihood depend upon the implementation of these laws.

Match the kinds of impacts of passing laws that criminalize behavior like drug use with the things they influence. A. Symbolic impacts B. Instrumental impacts

A. These provide status benefits to the supporters of criminalization regardless of how effectively the laws are actually enforced. B. These have effects on local, state, and federal budgets.

What are the two main reasons for which private corporations adopt drug tests?

A. They believe that drug-free workers will have better productivity B. They believe that the company will be protected against suits for drug-related negligence

The 1965 Drug Abuse Control amendments referred to amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens as _________________. A. dangerous drugs B. opium derivatives C. prescription drugs D. dietary supplements

A. dangerous drugs

The introduction of _________ by the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act has contributed greatly to a huge growth in prison populations over the past 20 years. A. Longer sentences, mandatory minimums, and no-parole provisions B. Reduced jail terms for repeat offenders and the creation of narcotic farms C. Freely available prescription-only drugs and over-the-counter drugs D. Regulations against mislabeling, adulterating, and poisoning products

A. longer sentences, mandatory minimum, and no-parole provisions

During the period after the Civil War in the United States, concerns about drunkenness, crime, drug misuse, and other forms of deviant behavior came to be associated with _____. Multiple choice question. A. minority racial groups B. "real" Americans C. aristocratic upper crust members D. members of the elite class

A. minority racial groups

According to the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, misbranding referred _________________. A. only to labels, not to general advertising B. solely to misleading advertisements C. to typos in brand names on products and in advertisements D. to deceptive labels, packaging, and advertising

A. only to labels, not to general advertising

Cells in the nucleus basalis region of the cerebral cortex in the central nervous system are damaged in patients with _____. Multiple choice question. Turner syndrome Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Down syndrome

Alzheimer's disease

The 1988 amendment of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act brought back the death penalty for drug-related murders, and a further amendment in 1994 extended the death penalty to ____________. A. dependent users B. drug kingpins C. underage users D. clinical distributors

B. drug kingpins

Evidence that drug control is effective in restricting supply is found in the ___________. A. inability of federal agencies to arrest drug users B. high prices charged on the streets C. high availability of illegal drugs D. inability of federal agencies to find drug suppliers

B. high prices charged on the streets

In the early 1800s, the most reliable and effective medicine of medical doctors, used for a variety of conditions but most notable as a pain reliever, was _____. Multiple choice question. A. cocaine B. opium C. paracetamol D. whiskey

B. opium

In response to the end of Prohibition and to charges of corruption in the previous Narcotics Division, Congress formed a _____ in the Treasury Department in 1930. Multiple choice question. Amphetamines Division Barbiturates Division Bureau of Dangerous Drugs Bureau of Narcotics

Bureau of Narcotics

Ch.3

Ch.3

What happened as more states and municipalities outlawed opium dens in the United States? A. The availability of opioids drastically decreased B. The cost of morphine increased C. The cost of black-market opium increased D. The availability of heroin decreased

C. The cost of black-market opium increased

In 1986, President Reagan first declared that random urine tests for drugs should be performed on all ____________. A. citizens housed in public facilities B. public school students in team sports C. federal employees in sensitive jobs D. full-time workers in private corporations

C. federal employees in sensitive jobs

As of 2012, the legality of random, suspicionless urine testing for _______ has not been established at the federal level. A. dependent drug users B. federal employees C. public school students D. transportation workers

C. public school students

The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act required habit-forming ingredients to be clearly listed on a drug's label, but ______________. A. any drug that had such an ingredient could not be bought without a prescription B. the proportion of these ingredients could never exceed fifty percent C. there were no other federal restrictions on the sale and purchase of drugs D. some drugs were exempted from this until their producers obtained a patent

C. there were no other federal restrictions on the sale and purchase of drugs

After the passage of the Harrison Act of 1914, physicians _________________. A. could only buy and sell opioids and cocaine after the approval by a court official B. could still buy and sell opioids and cocaine without any restrictions or conditions C. were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug D. were the only people to be exempted from registration to become dristributors of opioids and cocaine

C. were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug

Ch. 4

Ch. 4

Which class of drug laws is similar to laws that regulate the safety of other products such as automobiles, furnaces, and toys? Multiple choice question. A. The group of laws that has led to the free distribution of certain drugs that are considered addictive B. The group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales C. The group of laws that is concerned with the behavior of drug users that is not related to drug use itself D. The group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs

D. The group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs

After the passage of the Jones-Miller Act by Congress in 1922, illegal opioids were so expensive that many users came to prefer the most potent type available, which was _______________. A. cocaine B. paracetamol C. marijuana D. heroin

D. heroin

One of the consequences of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was that federal law of the United States now recognized a difference between____________ drugs. A. highly toxic and moderately toxic B. intentionally and unintentionally mislabeled C. dependence-curing and habit-forming D. over-the-counter and prescription-only

D. over-the-counter and prescription-only

The broadest impact on drug use in the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century came from the widespread legal distribution of _____, which were dispensed by traveling peddlers and were readily available at local stores for self-medication. A. pure opioids and cocaine B. pure heroin and morphine C. hypodermic syringes D. patent medicines

D. patent medicines

The period between 1890 and 1920 has been called the "nadir" (lowest point) of _____ in the United States. Multiple choice question. A. trade policy B. educational reforms C. foreign policy D. race relations

D. race relations

Who drafted the bill that later came to be known as the Harrison Act? Multiple choice question. President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States Upton Sinclair, the author of The Jungle Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of American narcotics laws Senator Harrison of New York

Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of American narcotics laws

As part of international efforts aimed at reducing drug supply, the _____ has agents in more than 40 countries assisting the local authorities in eradicating drug crops, locating and destroying illicit laboratories, and interfering with the transportation of drugs out of those countries. Multiple choice question. Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics Food and Drug Administration Drug Enforcement Agency

Drug Enforcement Agency

What did the 1912 Sherley amendment in the United States outlaw? Multiple choice question. Habit-forming components in patent medicines False and fraudulent therapeutic claims on labels Citing research that highlights a product's drawbacks Prescribing drugs like morphine and cocaine

False and fraudulent therapeutic claims on labels

Identify an accurate statement about the role of homeostasis in alcohol or drug use. Multiple choice question. Homeostasis increases the duration of the effects of a drug. Homeostasis helps reduce the likelihood of experiencing withdrawal. Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects. Homeostatic processes seldom counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs.

Homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects.

Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system. Multiple choice question. It consists of peripheral nerves and controls emotions. It has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior. It involves cells from the substantia nigra that terminate in the striatum. It involves regulation of mechanism that controls waking and eating.

It has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior.

Identify an accurate statement about norepinephrine. Multiple choice question. It plays no role in the process of controlling energy balance. It influences levels of arousal and attentiveness. Its pathways do not play a role in the initiation of food intake. It is released by the nucleus accumbens region of the brain.

It influences levels of arousal and attentiveness.

Identify a true statement about the action potential. Multiple choice question. It initiates a chain of events that allows one neuron to communicate with another through the release of neurotransmitters. It occurs as a result of the opening of ion channels that prevent electrically charged particles from moving inside a cell. It stimulates digestion and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state. It is a recognition mechanism that responds to specific chemical signals.

It initiates a chain of events that allows one neuron to communicate with another through the release of neurotransmitters.

What did the Jones-Miller Act passed by Congress in 1922 do? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. It officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a criminal. It restricted physicians from interacting with drug-dependent patients. It more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs. It prohibited physicians from prescribing medicines for drug-dependent patients.

It officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a criminal. It more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs.

Once the FDA authorizes the testing of a drug in humans, in which phase of clinical investigation does a company learn about how that drug is absorbed and excreted in healthy people, as well as the side effects it may trigger? Multiple choice question. Phase Three Phase One Phase Four Phase Two

Phase One

One of the precursors to the _____ was President Roosevelt's recommendation in 1905 that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs. Multiple choice question. Pure Food and Drugs Act Narcotic Control Act Harrison Act Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

Pure Food and Drugs Act

According to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, physicians are not allowed to prescribe _____ drugs, and they are not found in pharmacies. Multiple choice question. Schedule V Schedule I Schedule II Schedule IV

Schedule I

Which sedative and sleeping pill caused a disaster in the late 1950s that raised public awareness and congressional concern about ineffective medicines in the United States, causing major reforms to be implemented? Multiple choice question. Thalidomide Paracetamol Morphine Cocaine

Thalidomide

What is otherwise known as "An Act to provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes?" Multiple choice question. The Pure Food and Drugs Act The Narcotic Control Act of 1956 The Harrison Act of 1914 The Anti-Drug Abuse Act

The Harrison Act of 1914

Identify the costs involved in drug-control enforcement by federal agencies. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. The incalculable price of placing federal agents in danger of losing their lives to combat the drug trade The cost of hiring a large number of off payroll workers to combat the drug trade The incalculable price of delivering controlled medicines with restricted availability to the state health department The cost of crimes committed to purchase drugs at black-market prices The cost of housing drug-law violators in state prisons and local jails

The incalculable price of placing federal agents in danger of losing their lives to combat the drug trade The cost of crimes committed to purchase drugs at black-market prices The cost of housing drug-law violators in state prisons and local jails

Identify an issue that was cleared up by the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act regarding the marketing of dietary supplements. Multiple choice question. The labels are permitted to make general statements about their contribution to overall health and well-being. The labels must declare that dietary supplements are required to be proved to be effective for a specific intended purpose. The labels are allowed to make direct claims about a particular supplement only if it is made from herbs. The labels must state that dietary supplements are intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent diseases.

The labels are permitted to make general statements about their contribution to overall health and well-being

When 107 people in the United States died in 1937 from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide containing diethylene glycol that causes kidney poisoning, why was the federal government unable to intervene on the grounds that the mixture was toxic? Multiple choice question. It had never passed legislation regulating drugs. There was no evidence that the people had died from taking the elixir. There was no legal requirement that medicine be safe. It was unable to scientifically prove the medicine's toxicity.

There was no legal requirement that medicine be safe

Instrumental Impact

These refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of such laws, including those who are arrested and their families, and those whose livelihood depend upon the implementation of these laws

What do an 1875 San Francisco ordinance, an 1882 New York law, and an 1890 federal act in the United States all have in common? Multiple choice question. A. They all prohibited the consumption and sale of alcohol. B. They all outlawed the smoking of various forms of tobacco. C. They all regulated the manufacture and use of opium. D. They all imposed a regulatory tax on the import of alcohol.

They all regulated the manufacture and use of opium

What are the two main reasons for which private corporations adopt drug tests? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. They believe that drug-free workers will have better productivity. They believe that maintaining a drug-free workplace will lead to gender equality. They believe that the company will be protected against suits for drug-related negligence. They believe that their responsibility is to improve one's creativity.

They believe that drug-free workers will have better productivity. They believe that the company will be protected against suits for drug-related negligence.

Identify a true statement about the peripheral nerves of the somatic nervous system. Multiple choice question. They are responsible for the creation of the blood-brain barrier. They carry sensory information into the central nervous system. They carry motor information into the central nervous system. They only interact with the internal environment of a body.

They carry sensory information into the central nervous system.

How were physicians, dentists, and veterinary surgeons affected by the Harrison Act of 1914? Multiple choice question. They had to register to be potential lawful distributors of opioids and cocaine. They could still buy and sell opioids and cocaine without any restrictions or conditions. They had to bid for a limited number of licenses to distribute opioids and cocaine. They were severely punished for sale of opioids and cocaine even if they paid their taxes.

They had to register to be potential lawful distributors of opioids and cocaine

Identify an accurate statement about dendrites, which are structures of a neuron. Multiple choice question. They are small packages containing neurotransmitters. They specialize in receiving signals from other neurons. They are responsible for creating the blood-brain barrier. They increase the information-processing speed of neurons.

They specialize in receiving signals from other neurons.

Why were morphine and heroin popular among lower-class opium users when states and municipalities in the United States began to outlaw opium dens? Multiple choice question. They did not need to be injected like opium. They were milder than opium but had long-lasting effects. They were not derivatives of the outlawed opium. They were readily available and inexpensive.

They were readily available and inexpensive

Increased drug-control efforts by federal agencies has resulted in an unquantifiable cost in the loss of individual freedom that is inevitable. True false question. True False

True

True or false: The largely unsubstantiated fear that cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes was important in building support for federal drug-control laws among Southern senators and congressmen in the United States despite their opposition to increasing federalism. True false question. True False

True

One of the precursors to the Pure Food and Drugs Act was the 1906 publication of _____, which exposed the horribly unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and shocked Congress and America. Multiple choice question. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle George Orwell's Animal Farm James Herriot's All Creatures Great and Small Jack London's The Call of the Wild

Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"

When does a pharmaceutical company, desiring to introduce a new drug, supply to the FDA a "Notice of Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug" (IND)? Multiple choice question. When it has tested a compound on volunteers and students of medicine When it is about to start clinical tests on at least two species of animals When it has conducted clinical trials of a compound on people with a disorder When it is ready to study the effects of a compound on humans

When it is ready to study the effects of a compound on humans

When was the first time that dealers and dispensers of opioids and cocaine in the United States had to register annually, pay a small fee, and use special order forms provided by the Bureau of Internal Revenue? Multiple choice question. When a federal act permitting only American citizens to import opium was passed in 1890 When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was passed in 1906 When the Harrison Act was passed in 1914 When the Narcotic Control Act was passed in 1956

When the Harrison Act was passed in 1914

When was the first time that dealers and dispensers of opioids and cocaine in the United States had to register annually, pay a small fee, and use special order forms provided by the Bureau of Internal Revenue? Multiple choice question. When the Narcotic Control Act was passed in 1956 When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was passed in 1906 When the Harrison Act was passed in 1914 When a federal act permitting only American citizens to import opium was passed in 1890

When the Harrison Act was passed in 1914

monoamine

a class of chemicals characterized by a single amine group; monoamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

nucleus accumbens

a collection of neurons in the forebrain that plays an important role in reward and emotional reactions to events

autoimmune disease

a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue

substantia nigra

a dopamine-rich midbrain structure that projects to the striatum

myelin

a fatty white substance that is wrapped around portions of the axons

ventral tegmental area

a group of dopamine-containing neurons located in the midbrain whose axons project to the forebrain, especially the nucleus accumbens and cortex

raphe nuclei

a group of serotonin-containing neurons found in the brain stem and project widely throughout the brain

enzyme

a large molecule that assists in either the synthesis or metabolism of another molecule

A critical change in the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was the requirement that _____. Multiple choice question. a company must mention that a product contains habit-forming ingredients on its packaging a therapeutic claim made by a company about its drug must be valid a drug's ingredients must be accurately labeled and the proportion of each included a manufacturer must test a new drug for toxicity before it could be marketed

a manufacturer must test a new drug for toxicity before it could be marketed

schizophrenia

a mental disorder characterized by chronic psychosis

Parkinson's disease

a movement disorder involving damage to and/or loss of dopamine neurons along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. Major symptoms include tremors, rigidity of the limbs, postural instability, and difficulty initiating movements

hypothalamus

a structure found near the bottom of the forebrain. It participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression

agonist

a substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

antagonist

a substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

striatum

a term used to describe the caudate nucleus and putamen. Located in the forebrain, it is involved in the initiation of body movements and procedural memory

axon

a thin tube that extends from the cell body and specializes in transmitting signals to other neurons

Schedule 111

a. Potential for abuse less than I and II b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence Examples: anabolic steroids, most barbiturates, dronabinol (THC)

Schedule II

a. high potential for abuse b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence Examples: morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine

Schedule I

a. high potential for abuse b. no currently acceptable medical use in treatment in the United States c. Lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Examples: heroin, marijuana, MDMA (ecstasy)

Schedule IV

a. low potential for abuse relative to III b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to III Examples: alprazolam (Xanax), fenfluramine, zolpidem (Ambien)

Schedule V

a. low potential for abuse relative to IV b. Currently accepted medical use c. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to IV

multiple sclerosis

an autoimmune disease caused by damage to the myelin sheath that wraps axons. A wide range of symptoms can accompany this disorder including muscle spasms, vision loss, severe pain, dizziness, fatigue, and intestinal problems

uptake

an energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into cells

IND

application to investigate a new drug in human clinical trials

dendrites

branchlike structures that extend from the cell body and specialize in receiving signals from other neurons

endocannabinoids

cannabis-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brains of humans and other animals

The largely unsubstantiated fear that _____ was important in building support for federal drug control laws among Southern senators and congressmen in the United States despite their opposition to increasing federalism. Multiple choice question. cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes heroin was actually a potent habit-forming drug opium smoking was being popularized by Chinese workers morphine was inexpensive and readily available

cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes

The 1965 Drug Abuse Control amendments referred to amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens as _____. Multiple choice question. dangerous drugs dietary supplements opium derivatives prescription drugs

dangerous drugs

According to several studies on cocaine self-administration using human subjects, drugs that block dopamine activity _____. Multiple choice question. reduced the likelihood of using other psychoactive drugs did not reduce euphoria produced by cocaine heightened the severity of the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine did not increase the likelihood of dependence

did not reduce euphoria produced by cocaine

The most important change brought in by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments was one requiring that every new drug be demonstrated to be _____. Multiple choice question. toxic only to a certain demography of people therapeutic for a wide variety of diseases and disorders effective for the illnesses mentioned on the label habit-forming in order to sustain the market for these drugs

effective for the illnesses mentioned on the label

The United States is providing increased military aid in the form of helicopters, defensive weapons, uniforms, and other supplies to be used in combating drug trafficking only to countries that _____. Multiple choice question. have been declared to be completely drug free do not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights have demonstrated that they cannot afford to support an army do not have any citizens currently cultivating raw materials for narcotics

do not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights

The most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all rewarding drugs stimulate _____ neurons in the mesolimbic pathway of the central nervous system. Multiple choice question. phenethylamine dopamine acetylcholine glutamate

dopamine

The most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all rewarding drugs stimulate _____ neurons in the mesolimbic pathway of the central nervous system. Multiple choice question. phenethylamine glutamate acetylcholine dopamine

dopamine

The 1988 amendment of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act brought back the death penalty for drug-related murders, and a further amendment in 1994 extended the death penalty to _____. Multiple choice question. drug kingpins underage users dependent users clinical distributors

drug kingpins

In 1986, President Reagan first declared that random urine tests for drugs should be performed on all _____. Multiple choice question. public school students in team sports federal employees in sensitive jobs full-time workers in private corporations citizens housed in public facilities

federal employees in sensitive jobs

After the passage of the Jones-Miller Act by Congress in 1922, illegal opioids were so expensive that many users came to prefer the most potent type available, which was _____. Multiple choice question. heroin paracetamol marijuana cocaine

heroin

Psychoactive drugs can influence _____, which is the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range. Multiple choice question. apoptosis homeostasis hematopoiesis psychosis

homeostasis

Psychoactive drugs can influence _____, which is the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range. Multiple choice question. hematopoiesis homeostasis psychosis apoptosis

homeostasis

The 1850s in the United States saw the introduction of _____, which was a potent delivery system for morphine that led to increasing medical recognition of the negative aspects of "morphinism." Multiple choice question. hypodermic syringes prescription drugs drugstores hospitals

hypodermic syringes

One of the functions of the myelin sheath of a neuron is to _____. Multiple choice question. increase the information-processing speed move a cell's membrane away from the resting potential receive incoming signals from other neurons respond to specific chemical signals

increase the information-processing speed

One of the major concerns of the U.S. Senate in the late 1950s was that some of the most widely sold over-the-counter medicines were probably _____, and there was no law against this. Multiple choice question. poisonous mislabeled ineffective adulterated

ineffective

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain

The first groups of American students to be widely subjected to urine screening for drugs were those _____. Multiple choice question. considered to be multi-talented who had affluent backgrounds involved in team sports who consistently scored well

involved in team sports

The introduction of _____ by the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act has contributed greatly to a huge growth in prison populations over the past 20 years. Multiple choice question. longer sentences, mandatory minimums, and no-parole provisions freely available prescription-only drugs and over-the-counter drugs regulations against mislabeling, adulterating, and poisoning products reduced jail terms for repeat offenders and the creation of narcotic farms

longer sentences, mandatory minimums, and no-parole provisions

homeostasis

maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g., temperature, blood pressure).

The greatest discrepancy between state and federal drug laws is in the realm of _____ regulation. Multiple choice question. heroin methamphetamine paracetamol marijuana

marijuana

transporter

mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane that removes neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron.

An international conference met in 1912 to discuss controls on the opium trade. Great Britain wanted _____ included as well, because these were replacing opium, which led to several countries agreeing to control international trade and domestic sale and use of these substances. Multiple choice question. prescription drugs used by hospitals and clinics morphine, heroin, and cocaine patent medicines without habit-forming ingredients rum, whiskey, and brandy

morphine, heroin, and cocaine

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic branch in the cerebral cortex

serotonin

neurotransmitter found in the raphe nuclei; may be important for impulsivity, depression

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter that may be important for regulating waking and appetite

NDA

new drug application. Must be approved before a drug is sold

In the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, or ANS, _____ is the neurotransmitter at the end organ. Multiple choice question. serotonin norepinephrine dopamine acetylcholine

norepinephrine

According to the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, misbranding referred _____. Multiple choice question. to deceptive labels, packaging, and advertising only to labels, not to general advertising solely to misleading advertisements to typos in brand names on products and in advertisements

only to labels, not to general advertising

endorphin

opiate-like chemical that occurs naturally in the brain of humans and other animals

One of the consequences of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was that the federal law of the United States now recognized a difference between _____ drugs. Multiple choice question. highly toxic and moderately toxic intentionally and unintentionally mislabeled dependence-curing and habit-forming over-the-counter and prescription-only

over-the-counter and prescription-only

ion channels

pores formed in the cell membrane that allow the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

When a company submits an application to investigate a new drug in human clinical trials (IND) to the FDA, it is also required to submit all information from _____. Multiple choice question. studies of the effects of the drug on people with the disorder it intends to cure preclinical investigations, including the effects of the drug on animals clinical trials conducted on medical students and researchers research on a large sample of the population who use the drug chronically

preclinical investigations, including the effects of the drug on animals

In the context of the action potential process for neuronal communication, an effect of selective blockade of sodium, or Na+, channels is that it _____. Multiple choice question. increases the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease diminishes the ability of anesthetics to reduce pain prevents the action potential and thus disrupts communication between neurons increases the likelihood of multiple sclerosis and hippocampal sclerosis

prevents the action potential and thus disrupts communication between neurons

Pathways containing serotonin arise from the _____. Multiple choice question. amygdala pons medulla oblongata raphe nuclei

raphe nuclei

The Orphan Drug Act passed by Congress in 1983 offered tax incentives and exclusive sales rights for a guaranteed seven years for any company developing a drug for _____. Multiple choice question. common forms of cancer that affect more than 3 million people rare disorders afflicting no more than 200,000 people coronary heart disease, which is the leading cause of death children orphaned by HIV/AIDS who are HIV positive

rare disorders afflicting no more than 200,000 people

receptors

recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals

In the early 1900s, Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of American narcotics laws, decided the United States could gain favored trading status with China by leading international efforts to _____. Multiple choice question. step up the manufacture of cocaine reduce opium importation decrease the regulation of heroin double morphine production

reduce opium importation

According to the 1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act, anyone caught _____ could receive the death penalty. Multiple choice question. using morphine in a public environment possessing even small amounts of opium and cocaine prescribing opium to dependent users selling heroin to a person younger than 18

selling heroin to a person younger than 18

neuropeptides

small proteinaceous substances produced and released by neurons that act on neural targets

The mechanism through which local anesthetics reduce pain is selective blockade of _____. Multiple choice question. chloride, Cl-, ions sodium, or Na+, channels potassium, or K+, ions fluoride, F-, channels

sodium, or Na+, channels

The mechanism through which local anesthetics reduce pain is selective blockade of _____. Multiple choice question. fluoride, F-, channels potassium, or K+, ions sodium, or Na+, channels chloride, Cl-, ions

sodium, or Na+, channels

Cells from the _____ course together past the hypothalamus and terminate in the striatum to form the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system. Multiple choice question. ventral tegmental area substantia nigra superior cerebellar peduncle nucleus ambiguus

substantia nigra

cocaine

the active chemical in the coca plant

sympathetic

the branch of the autonomic system involved in fight-or-flight reactions

parasympathetic

the branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state

cell body

the central region of a neuron, which is the control center

The Navy, followed by the other armed forces, were the first to _____ on a large scale in the United States. Multiple choice question. legalize the use of medical narcotics distribute opioids and cocaine use random urine screening enforce anti-drug abuse laws

use random urine screening

In 1929, Congress viewed the enormous expenditure for imprisoning drug offenders as an indicator that something was wrong with the current system and decided that _____. Multiple choice question. physicians were to blame, not the users of drugs physicians should freely prescribe habit-forming drugs users should be cured rather than repeatedly jailed users should be allowed to indulge their habits

users should be cured rather than repeatedly jailed

Cells in the nucleus accumbens region of the brain receive input from dopamine fibers that originate in the _____. Multiple choice question. substantia nigra superior cerebellar peduncle ventral tegmental area nucleus ambiguus

ventral tegmental area

After the passage of the Harrison Act of 1914, physicians _____. Multiple choice question. were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug were the only people to be exempted from registration to become distributors of opioids and cocaine could still buy and sell opioids and cocaine without any restrictions or conditions could only buy and sell opioids and cocaine after the approval by a court official

were still free to prescribe heroin, cocaine, or any other available drug

According to the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, the packaging of drugs had to indicate _____. Multiple choice question. when the product's quality was at its peak how much volume or mass constituted a single serving which method of consumption they required what proportion of habit-forming drugs they included

what portion of habit-forming drugs they included

depolarized

when the membrane potential is less negative

hyperpolarized

when the membrane potential is more negative