ch6 - 7 a&p

Approximately what percentage of the bones in the adult human axial skeleton come from the cranium?

10%

Formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus takes about __________ week(s).

3

The bony callus lasts about

3-4 months

Loss of bone mass in females usually begins after age

30

About _________ of the total bone mass in the body is being remodeled at any given time.

5%

A typical vertebra has how many processes?

7

Bones go through both building and breakdown cycles. How will calcium levels be affected in the blood as a result of these cycles?

Blood calcium levels are kept constant by homeostasis.

Hydroxyapatite is made up of __________.

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

Which of the following types of cells are not found in adult bone tissue?

Chondroblasts

__________ is/are the input in the feedback system for the regulation of blood calcium mediated by parathyroid hormone.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)

Bone remodeling can be triggered by which of the following?

Exercise, Sedentary Lifestyle, Changes in diet

Which is not a consideration in the treatments for fractures?

Gender

Methotrexate is a drug used to treat people with rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints in the skeletal system. A side effect of this drug can be a loss of red bone marrow. How might the patient be affected by this loss?

Hemopoiesis would decrease, leading to decreased blood cell formation.

You're looking at a bone that has a diaphysis and two epiphyses. What kind of bone is this?

Long bone

The spongy bone and red bone marrow of the metaphyses are drained by the _________veins.

Metaphyseal and nutrient

Identify which of the following bones are paired.

Nasal bones

The interosteonic canals contain a network of_________________.

Nerves and blood vessels

Which of the following bone cells help regulate blood calcium levels?

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Which of the following bone cells is a target for drug therapy used to treat osteoporosis?

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

______ and _______ are the effectors in the feedback system for the regulation of blood calcium mediated by parathyroid hormone.

Osteoclasts and the kidneys

______________ is/are the output in the feedback system for the regulation of blood calcium mediated by parathyroid hormone.

Parathyroid hormone

Inserting a screw into the diaphysis of an adult long bone would ultimately result in penetrating the cavity containing yellow bone marrow. Which best describes the specific sequence of layers the screw would penetrate when doing this?

Periosteum, compact bone, endosteum

As bones break down, they release minerals such as which of the following?

Phosphorus and calcium

Why are the scapulae (shoulder blades) considered flat bones?

They provide an extensive surface for muscle attachment.

What are the paired fontanels that normally close about three months after birth?

anterolateral

If you are examining a vertebra and note that it has a bifid spinous process, which type of vertebra must it be?

cervical

Which is an example of an irregular bone?

cervical vertebrae

A health-care practitioner who cares for disorders related to the axial skeleton, but cannot prescribe drugs related to those conditions, is a

chiropractor

Failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bones to unite during embryonic development can result in a

cleft palate.

If the palatine processes of the maxillary bones fail to unite during embryonic development, a condition arises called

cleft palate.

Which vertebrae have the smallest bodies?

coccygeal

These give bone its flexibility.

collagen fibers

The rates of bone deposition and resorption are about the same during

early adulthood

Prior to adulthood hyaline cartilage remains between the diaphysis and epiphysis as the

epiphyseal plate

There is a bone on the lab bench in front of you. On it, you see that there is a smooth and slightly convex articular surface. This bone marking would be considered a

facet, such as those found on the vertebrae.

A female patient, age 65, visits the doctor. Diagnostic testing and measurement has determined that she has lost 15% of her bone mass since age 30. This a common and expected loss of bone mass.

false

A patient will not feel pain during a bone marrow biopsy, due to the lack of nerves in the bone marrow.

false

During an autopsy of a murder victim, the hyoid bone is found to be undamaged. This might suggest death by strangulation.

false

Which of the following bone markings might accommodate blood vessels?

foramen

The periosteum is involved with all of the following activities EXCEPT

growth of the bone in length

The lower extremities are attached to the axial skeleton via which of the following?

hip girdle and pelvic girdle

What type of tissue covers the facets of the articular processes of the vertebrae?

hyaline cartilage

Which of the normal curves of the vertebral column is the last to develop?

lumbar

You are in anatomy class, and you are looking at a bone that has a depression on its superior surface with notches on both sides. You are looking at which bone?

manubrium

There is an opening shaped like a tube in the temporal bone through which the external ear canal passes. This bone marking would be considered a

meatus

Selective estrogen receptor modulators work by

mimicking the effects of estrogens

Bones function in the storage of

minerals and triglycerides

Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth?

minerals, vitamins, hormones

there are __________ bones in an infant's skeleton compared to the adult human skeleton.

more

Tendons form attachments from

muscles to bones

An example of a disease that can lead to stress fractures is

osteoporosis

The following are condition(s) that can NOT be diagnosed through a bone marrow needle biopsy.

osteoporosis

Which of the following is a paired skull bone that functions to protect the brain?

parietal

Protection of the bone, assistance with fracture repair, nourishment of bone tissue, and attachment for ligaments and tendons functions of the __________.

periosteum

Which of the following belongs to the ethmoid bone and forms part of the nasal septum?

perpendicular plate

Which of the following would be the most inferior vertebra?

s1

What is the structure that is formed when the laminae of the fifth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse?

sacral hiatus

Which of the following types of bones provide stability while also allowing for some movement of the bones in the ankle and wrist?

short bone

The wrist bones are generally cube-shaped; as a result, they are classified as

short bones.

Which of the following vertebral processes are used for muscle attachment?

spinous and transverse

Which of the following types of bones are found in the joints between certain bones in the skull?

sutural

Your patient was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the left femur. Which part of her skeleton is directly affected by this diagnosis?

the appendicular skeleton but not the axial skeleton

Destruction of yellow bone marrow will directly affect

triglyceride storage.

Spongy bone trabeculae are composed of lamellae.

true

The articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium.

true

The hyoid bone is a unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not articulate with any other bone.

true

The maxillae articulate with every facial bone except the mandible.

true

The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue are precisely oriented along lines of stress.

true

Identify which of the following facial bones are unpaired.

vomer

Which of the following are functions of the articular cartilage.

Reduce friction and absorb shock

Sarah sustained a leg injury when she was ten years old while playing at a playground. The consequence of this injury twelve years later is that her right leg is one inch shorter than her left leg. What can you surmise about Sarah's playground injury?

Sarah most likely fractured the epiphyseal plate in her right leg bone.

You are in chemistry class and your assignment is to make a strong chicken leg bone into a rubbery, flexible one. How will you accomplish this?

Soak the bone in vinegar

By comparison, which of the following is the least likely to receive its blood supply from the nutrient artery?

The femoral condyle

___________ is/are the control center(s) in the feedback system for the regulation of blood calcium mediated by parathyroid hormone.

The gene for PTH

blood vessels

are found in the periosteum

Which of the following is the structure on the mandible where the temporalis muscle attaches?

coronoid process

Certain chemotherapy medications can destroy red bone marrow. What would be the effect of the loss of red bone marrow

decreased blood cell formation

The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is composed of

dense irregular connective tissue

Bone marrow extracted from the hip bone of a 30-year-old male contains

developing blood cells

All of the following are steps during intramembranous ossification except_________________.

development of the cartilage model

Mesenchymal cells crowd together in the general shape of the future bone and develop into chondroblasts during which stage of endochondral ossification?

development of the cartilage model

In a motor vehicle accident, Tim fractures his hyoid bone. Which of the following symptoms can be attributed to a damaged hyoid bone?

difficulty swallowing

The products of bone resorption enter capillaries from the interstitial fluid via

diffusion

Osteoprogenitor cells are not found here.

in the lacunae of osteons

Through which of the following structures does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass?

internal auditory meatus

What type of bone is the calcaneus?

irregular bone

A vertebra would be classified as

irregular bones.

Some facial bones would be classified as

irregular bones.