Ch6 and CH 34 for exam 2

How many ATP molecules (net) are produced during just glycolysis? 30-40 2 4 16

2

Imagine a scar on a 15-foot tree, 3 feet above the ground. Over the next 10 years the tree adds 15 feet to its height. What is the approximate position of the scar? 3 feet 6 feet 15 feet 18 feet impossible to predict

3 feet

The chemical DCMU blocks electrons in PSII before they can enter the full ETC and prevents electrons from moving through both photosystems. What would be an immediate effect of treating a chloroplast with DCMU? Water molecules would be split at a faster rate than usual The amount of NADPH produced by the light reactions would increase. A proton gradient would not be created, so ATP could not be made by ATP synthase The Calvin cycle would stop.

A proton gradient would not be created, so ATP could not be made by ATP synthase

As an energy carrier, ATP differs from NADPH in that ATP carries energy in bonds, while NADPH is an electron carrier ATP transfers energy through redox reactions, whereas NADPH uses phosphorylation. NADPH is involved in a larger variety of chemical reactions than ATP. NADPH is made by Photosystem I, whereas ATP is made by Photosystem II.

ATP carries energy in bonds, while NADPH is an electron carrier

If plants are able to capture energy from the sun, why do they need to pass that energy through the chemical reactions that are necessary to produce ATP? ATP enables the energy to be stored or transferred to other chemical reaction Chloroplasts are unable to directly use the kinetic energy they capture from the sun Producing ATP enables the plant to destroy excess energy that was captured from the sun The mitochondria that capture the sun's energy are unable to use it for respiration

ATP enables the energy to be stored or transferred to other chemical reaction

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate? Photosynthesis is a catabolic pathway, whereas cellular respiration is an anabolic pathway Water is formed during photosynthesis, but broken apart during cellular respiration Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce CO2 as metabolic end products

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis with cellular respiration is true? Photosynthesis is a catabolic pathway, whereas cellular respiration is an anabolic pathway Water is formed during photosynthesis but broken apart during cellular respiration Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce CO2 as metabolic end products

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains

Some reactants of the Calvin cycle are: H2O, ATP, and NADPH CO2, ADP, and NADP+ CO2, ATP, and NADPH H2O, ATP, and NADPH CO2, H2O, and ATP

CO2, ATP, and NADPH

Which of the following is an oxidized molecule? FAD NADH NADPH rubisco ADP.

FAD

A flowering plant with leaves containing parallel veins is most likely a dicot. true or False

False

ATP is used to force protons from the thylakoid space back into the stroma True or False

False

ATP synthase is a protein involved in the redox reactions of the electron transport chain. False or True

False

Blueberries are blue because they absorb primarily blue light. True or False

False

Fermentation produces more ATP molecules than aerobic respiration does. False or True

False

Mitochondria contain thylakoids. True or False

False

How might a nursery manipulate its potted spring-blooming tulip bulbs so that they bloom in December? Refrigerate them from July through October at temperatures similar to those of winter Illuminate the bulbs during the night to simulate the shorter nights of spring Clip the shoot tips to remove the auxin that inhibits flower bud formation Keep the bulbs in the dark for several weeks so that the mandatory period of darkness is exceeded Inject small amounts of auxin to mimic the normal springtime activity of the shoots and cause flowering.

Illuminate the bulbs during the night to simulate the shorter nights of spring

Which of the following statements best summarizes the contribution of PSI during photosynthesis? It provides the initial energy boost to the electrons on their way to PS II. It generates the excited electrons that accumulate in the thylakoid space and eventually drive ATP synthesis. It generates the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle. By cycling between reduced and oxidized states, PS I regulates the transmembrane passage of protons between the stroma and the thylakoid space.

It generates the high-energy electrons that are transported by NADPH to the Calvin cycle.

1. Which of the following statements about NADP+ is true? It is oxidized by photosystem I (incorrect) It is reduced by photosystem I. It is reduced by photosystem II It is oxidized by photosystem II.

It is reduced by photosystem II

What is the role of water in photosynthesis? It provides a phosphate group to ATP It captures light energy and transfers it to the electron transport chain. It provides electrons to chlorophyll in photosystem II. It combines with carbon dioxide (CO2) to make glucose.

It provides electrons to chlorophyll in photosystem II.

What process in cellular respiration is essentially the reverse of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis? glycolysis Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation

Krebs cycle

The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is NAD+ CO2 ADP NADP+ O2

NAD+

Which of the following is not a component of photosystems? ETC chlorophyll. antenna complex reaction center NADH

NADH

Which of the following molecules carries electrons that will be used to reduce other molecules in an electron transport chain? ATP NADH CO2 ADP

NADH

The Krebs cycle produces NADH and carbon dioxide. water and carbon dioxide. ADP and NADP+. acetyl CoA and sugars.

NADH and carbon dioxide

An important electron acceptor in the light reactions is NADP+ FAD O2 H2O

NADP+

If photosystem II stopped functioning, what is the first process to be affected and in what way? Carbon dioxide production would increase. Oxygen production would stop. Carbon dioxide production would be reduced. Oxygen production would increase.

Oxygen production would stop.

1. During photosynthesis, energized electrons flow from Photosystem I to Photosystem II the reaction center to the antenna complex Photosystem II to Photosystem I the stroma to the intermembrane space

Photosystem II to Photosystem I

Which of the following statements about energy metabolism is false? The energy that powers living systems ultimately comes from the sun. All animals in some way rely on producers for their energy. Plants provide the water and carbon dioxide that animals need to carry out cellular respiration. Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen produces more ATP per glucose than without oxygen. The main objective of cellular respiration is to break down glucose and make ATP.

Plants provide the water and carbon dioxide that animals need to carry out cellular respiration.

What best describes the relationship between primary and secondary xylem? Primary xylem divides to produce secondary xylem. Primary xylem forms the sapwood, whereas secondary xylem forms the heartwood. Primary xylem is always located more laterally than the centrally located secondary xylem Primary xylem is produced during embryonic growth; secondary xylem is produced by cell division within a lateral meristem. "Secondary xylem" is the term used to describe primary xylem after it matures.

Primary xylem is produced during embryonic growth; secondary xylem is produced by cell division within a lateral meristem.

The energy source that makes oxidative phosphorylation possible comes from phosphate group transfers from ATP electrons transferred from NADPH. electrons transferred from NADH. electrons removed from CO2 during its oxidation.

The energy source that makes oxidative phosphorylation possible comes from

Why do some plants, like legumes, contain bacteria in compartments in their roots? These "friendly" bacteria help the plant fight off disease-causing bacteria in the soil. These bacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and will provide the plant with nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates. Peas and beans form these compartments in their roots to block these bacteria from infecting the rest of the plant. These bacteria increase the efficiency of root hairs' absorption of water.

These bacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and will provide the plant with nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates.

Carnivorous plants are often found in habitats deficient in nitrogen. True or False

True

Cellular respiration is, essentially, the opposite of photosynthesis. True or False

True

Ethanol is a product of one type of fermentation. True or False

True

Many plants and animals move water and nutrients within internal vessels. Animals use the energy of muscle contraction; however, almost no metabolic energy is expended when water and minerals move within a plant's xylem. True or False

True

Oxidative phosphorylation includes an electron transport chain. True or False

True

The type of plant tissue indicated by the letter A in the diagram below of a plant stem is ground tissue. True or False

True

Examine the plant in the figure below. The plant shown is most likely a dicot because of the presence of a taproot. veins within the leaves. five leaves. both root and shoot systems.

a taproot

When light excites chlorophyll, the chlorophyll molecule changes to carotene. converts into a pigment enter an excited state. absorbs the energy to excite an electron. becomes ionized.

absorbs the energy to excite an electron.

Consider a hypothetical cell that has only a single glucose molecule available for cellular respiration. If this cell can perform only fermentation instead of cellular respiration, it will produce fewer molecules as a result will generate fewer ATP molecules as a result .probably lacks O2 all of the above

all of the above

ATP can be produced by photosynthesis. is produced by cellular respiration. is generated in anaerobic respiration. is synthesized in aerobic respiration. all of these

all of these

In photosynthesis, light energy is captured by the reaction center. antenna complex. thylakoid. stoma.

antenna complex.

Inhibition of the growth of the lateral buds by auxin produced in the tip of the shoot is called apical dominance photoperiodism hermaphrodism lateral dominance none of the above

apical dominance

Organisms that derive their chemical energy either from inorganic sources are classified as autotrophs. parasites. heterotrophs. saprophytes. mutualists.

autotrophs.

Which of the following elements required by plants do NOT come directly from the soil? carbon nitrogen magnesium potassium All of these come from the soil

carbon

The carbon source in photosynthesis is carbohydrates carbon dioxide glucose cellulose

carbon dioxide

During the photosynthetic process, ____________ diffuses into the leaf, while ____________ diffuses out of the leaf. carbon dioxide; oxygen oxygen; carbon dioxide oxygen; water vapor water vapor; carbon dioxide water vapor; oxygen

carbon dioxide; oxygen

The first step in the Calvin cycle is : Rubisco reduction. glucose formation. splitting water carbon fixation. None of the above.

carbon fixation

The tissue that provides support in fast growing areas of the plant: parenchyma tissue. collenchyma tissue sclerenchyma tissue dermal tissue meristematic tissue.

collenchyma tissue

Glycolysis occurs in the _____ of a cell. nucleus chloroplast mitochondrion cytosol

cytosol

Glycolysis takes place in the ________ and produces ________, which in the presence of O2 then enters the ________. cytosol; glucose; mitochondrion to complete fermentation cytosol; pyruvate; mitochondrion to complete fermentation cytosol; pyruvate; mitochondrion to complete cellular respiration mitochondrion; pyruvate; chloroplast to complete photosynthesis chloroplast; glucose; cytosol to complete cellular respiration

cytosol; pyruvate; mitochondrion to complete cellular respiration

While walking in the forest, you come across a plant with branched veins in its leaves. You would likely classify this plant as a dicot. tricot. monocot. cotyledon.

dicot

Zone in a root where the root gains the most length elongation differentiation division all of the above

elongation

Which layer of cells serves as a filter for movement of nutrient minerals entering the xylem in the root's interior? endodermis Casparian strip epidermis cortex periderm

endodermis

The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light reactions of photosynthesis is an ____________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of ____________ down their concentration gradient. endothermic; protons energy-releasing; hydrogen ions exothermic; electrons energy-acquiring; electrons oxidation; water

endothermic; protons

A tomato plant whose fruit never ripens is most likely experiencing difficulty with which plant hormone? auxin cytokinin gibberellin abscisic acid ethylene

ethylene

1. Only animal cells carry out oxidative phosphorylation true or false

false

The three stages of aerobic catabolism are photosynthesis, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis, fermentation, and the Krebs cycle. photosynthesis, the Krebs cycle, and fermentation

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as: dermal tissues. vascular tissues. ground tissues. primary tissues. secondary tissues.

ground tissues

The cells that surround stomata are endodermal cells guard cells mesophyll cells vascular bundle cells vessel cells.

guard cells

Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy or carbon source? heterotroph--light energy sources heterotroph--organic chemical sources autotroph--light energy sources autotroph--carbon fixation All of the choices are correct

heterotroph--light energy sources

During oxidative phosphorylation, which ions accumulate in the intermembrane space of mitochondria? calcium hydrogen oxygen phosphorus sodium

hydrogen

Plants benefit from insect pollinators only when the insect immediately visits another flower of the same species carries the fruit and its enclosed seed to a site suitable for germination eats the pollen and digests the pollen coat, allowing the sperm to be freed carries the egg to a flower whose pollen has matured. both b and c

immediately visits another flower of the same species

The rate of transpiration increases under all of the following conditions except: increased wind. increased humidity increased temperature. an increase in dry air.

increased humidity

During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heartbeat speed are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support lactic acid fermentation. carbon dioxide synthesis in the lungs. oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria. in-the-dark reactions of photosynthesis.

lactic acid fermentation.

Which of the following ultimately provides the that is used during oxidative phosphorylation? fermentation light reactions of photosynthesis Calvin cycle of photosynthesis Krebs cycle carbon fixation

light reactions of photosynthesis

The Krebs cycle takes place in the ribosomes cytoplasm nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts

mitochondria

During cellular respiration, _______ is the step that produces the greatest number of ATP molecules. fermentation glycolysis Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation carbon fixation

oxidative phosphorylation

The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in glycolysis. alcoholic fermentation. anaerobic electron transport. oxidative phosphorylation. the Krebs cycle.

oxidative phosphorylation.

One function of parenchyma cells is: photosynthesis to provide structural support and strength to produce cutin to conduct water and nutrient minerals to conduct sugars.

photosynthesis

Within its vascular tissue, sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by guard cells. central vacuoles. plasmodesmata. the Casparian strip.

plasmodesmata

Perennials require at least three years to complete their life cycle, whereas annuals do so within a single year. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that perennials would ________ than annuals. have larger flowers produce more seeds be more likely to display indeterminate growth produce larger root systems rely more extensively on insect pollinators

produce larger root systems

The conversion of NAD+ to NADH is reduction oxidation phosphorylation denaturation none of these

reduction

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions require no oxygen. produce molecular oxygen. produce ATP. produce citric acid.

require no oxygen

Glycolysis occurs in the thylakoid. occurs in the mitochondria happens to glucose only results in the production of pyruvate.

results in the production of pyruvate.

Because inorganic carbon cannot be used by living organisms to build biological molecules, carbon fixation may be the most important metabolic process in the biosphere; if so, the most important enzyme in the biosphere would be chlorophyll ATP synthase amylase rubisco

rubisco

Which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membranes? photosystems I and II rubisco antenna complexes ATP synthase electron transport chains

rubisco

Carbon fixation occurs in the

stroma

The main function of the dark reactions is the capture of energy from sunlight. synthesis of sugars. production of pyruvate. breakdown of complex molecules and the subsequent release of energy.

synthesis of sugars.

Rubisco plays a role in the light reactions the Calvin cycle the breakdown of glucose into cellular respiration when is present (incorrect)

the Calvin cycle

When molecules are broken apart in cellular respiration the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions (incorrect) the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source the energy is used to synthesize ATP ATP is converted into ADP. ADP is released as a waste product

the energy is used to synthesize ATP

In indeterminate growth, the exact form of each mature individual will be somewhat variable. a precise plan dictates the pattern of development. the organism grows larger throughout its life span. all mature individuals fall within a narrow range of body proportions.

the exact form of each mature individual will be somewhat variable.

Biologists use the term "double fertilization" to describe the triploid zygote of most grass species that forms when two sperm fertilize the same egg. the fusion of sperm and egg to produce a zygote and the fusion of sperm and the additional egg cells (two polar nuclei) to produce endosperm. the requirement of two pollen grains for plant fertilization; one grain produces the pollen tube and the other fertilizes the egg. the fusion of the two presperm cells within a pollen grain that produces a sperm cell capableof fertilizing the egg. none of the above

the fusion of sperm and egg to produce a zygote and the fusion of sperm and the additional egg cells (two polar nuclei) to produce endosperm.

In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are produced during: the carbon fixation reactions .the light reactions. the dark reactions. glycolysis. photolysis.

the light reactions

Chlorophyll is associated with the: stroma thylakoid membranes mesophyll membranes light reaction centers of the stroma lamellae stroma grana

thylakoid membranes

These structures can help deter animals from eating a plant: root hairs. guard cells trichomes parenchyma.

trichomes

Some plants are termed "biennial," which means that they require ________ to complete their life cycle. six months one year two years three or more years none of the above

two years

The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is made possible by splitting ATP into ADP using ETCs reducing NADPH rubisco

using ETCs

Which of the following is an example of a plant tissue? root guard cells tracheids vascular

vascular

The protons produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis come from glucose. ATP. water. NADPH. rubisco.

water

Which of the following is not a function of stems? positioning the leaves for photosynthesis supporting the overall shape of the plant water and mineral absorption vertical growth

water and mineral absorption