ch.6 inquizitive
The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?
in-group orientation
Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?
As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely
Which term, coined by Robert Merton, is based on the W. I. Thomas theorem that "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"?
self-fulfilling prophecy
Place each study of deviance in chronological order, from first to last.
David Matza called for social scientists to understand deviant phenomena in a perspective he called "naturalism." Alexander Liazos suggested that the sociology of deviance mostly focuses on "nuts and sluts." Jack Katz noted that many studies of deviance focus on background rather than foreground factors. Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor spent three years studying drag queens.
Identify the true and false statements about deviance.
True Statement(s) What is considered deviant can vary across different cultures. What is considered deviant can change over time. False Statement(s) Group reactions are unimportant in determining deviant behavior. Deviant behavior may not be serious or unusual but can still spark a negative sanction.
The latest crime statistics in the United States suggest that fifteen- to nineteen-year-olds make up about 7 percent of the population but account for 12 percent of criminal arrests, while people sixty-five and older make up more than 15 percent of the population but account for less than 1 percent of arrests.
positive deviance
What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?
Distinguishing Feature(s) a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations Not Distinguishing Feature(s) a search for the functional importance of a person's behavior in relation to the rest of the social group
Researchers in a psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What was the experimental design?
Nonschizophrenic persons first feigned mental illness, then reverted to normal behavior. The goal was to see how doctors would interpret the change.
The year _____saw the highest homicide rates in U.S. history, at ______per ______persons, or 24,700 murders. Between then and _____, there was a dramatic drop in homicide rates, and the rate has stayed ____ever since.
1991; 9.8; 100,000; 2000; low
Erving Goffman suggests there are three main types of stigma: physical, moral, and ___________ .
tribal
The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?
positive deviance
According to a study from 2018, what percentage of U.S. teens were victims of cyberbullying at some point in their lives?
59%
Which of the following hypothetical scenarios are examples of social control in the United States?
Example(s) of Social Control parents often reminding their young children not to pick their noses compulsory schooling laws for high-school-aged students Not Example(s) of Social Control playing a team sport such as football eating lunch with your group of friends in the mall food court
According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?
Function(s) of Deviance Deviance can help clarify moral boundaries. Deviance can promote social cohesion. Not Function(s) of Deviance Deviance helps us classify people into more specific groups. Deviance can provide occupations and jobs.
Sociologists ____________ and __________landmark study of capital murder cases in Washington State revealed that black defendants were more than ____times more likely to be sentenced to death than defendants of other races. In ____, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional.
Katherine Beckett and Heather Evans's; four; 2018
According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?
spoiled identity
Which Greek word does "stigma" come from?
tattoo
Match each social theorist to how his work relates to social deviance theory.
Emile Durkheim: offered a functionalist theory of deviance Howard Becker: applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins Erving Goffman: applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma Robert Merton: applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma
Using labeling theory, place in order from first to last the stages by which a student, named Evan, assumes the role of social deviant.
Evan is late for school twice in one week and the school principal publicly calls Evan a truant. Evan's teachers and friends start to treat him as a troublemaker and Evan comes to think of himself as a rule breaker. Evan begins to break school rules on a regular basis.
A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What were the results?
Result(s) Patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time. An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors. Not Result(s) Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia tended to be treated with suspicion and hostility by both medical staff and other patients. After an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia, a change in behavior led to patients shedding the deviant tag.
Identify the following as either white collar crime or hate crime.
White Collar Crime crime that is policed and typically punished less strenuously than other types of crime crime that is committed by high social status individuals crime that does not involve force Hate Crime crime that deliberately targets victims because of their demographic characteristics
A citizen group sends letters to the governor of a southern state and asks her to reconsider stopping the execution of a man on death row convicted of murdering a police officer. The governor declines, stating that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to remove this convicted murderer from society so that everyone else can be protected.What type of justification for punishment is used by the governor?
incapacitation
A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either underage drinking or cheat on assignments and tests, and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?
social control theory
Match each item to its corresponding definition or description.
stigma: any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction secondary deviance: the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant primary deviance: the first act of rule breaking
August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. Their father is a successful stock broker and their mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims they were just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?
the "foreground" of deviance
Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture.
the Suri: inserting plates to enlarge the lower lip the Padaung: neck stretching Americans: breast augmentation Brazilians: butt augmentation
The increase in incarceration rates over the last twenty years coincides with which of the following?
the increase in privatization of prisons
In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior.
The latest crime statistics in the United States suggest that fifteen- to nineteen-year-olds make up about __percent of the population but account for ___percent of criminal arrests, while people sixty-five and older make up more than __percent of the population but account for less than __percent of arrests.
7; 12; 15; 1
Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal? A young drug addict successfully hides their habit at work, and all of their colleagues believe they are drug-free. A person owns a large collection of Harley Davidson motorcycles but doesn't allow their family and friends to refer to them as a "biker." A person whose drinking is getting in the way of their daily activities insists they are is not an alcoholic. A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong
A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.
Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"?
A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.
Which of the following are currently considered deviant behavior throughout all regions of the United States?
Deviant Behavior(s) cannibalism cyberbullying Not Deviant Behavior(s) marijuana use turning right into an intersection during a red light
Which of the following are examples of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory?
Example(s) Justin begins using drugs regularly after hanging out with a group of peers who pressured him to do so. Shanice finds some classmates defacing the women's bathroom with spray paint and joins in. Not Example(s) Devon starts taking steroids so that he can break the school's home-run record. Alice decides to start smoking to be different from her peers.
Match each form of punishment for deviant behavior to its respective society.
Native Americans: banishment from community Amish: shunning Colonial Americans: flogging
Which of the following are necessary for a behavior or characteristic to be defined as deviant?
Necessary norms group reactions Unnecessary laws group orientations
Which of the following is an example of positive deviance? taking office supplies from work to use at home taking money from the collection plate at church Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man stealing a candy bar to eat with your little sister
Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white man
Identify the following as either violent crime or property crime.
Violent Crime: murder rape aggravated assault robbery Property Crime: burglary larceny motor vehicle theft arson
An educator is disgusted with standardized testing and teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn't give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance classify this educator?
as a rebel
A sociologist believes that students with less money or connections who are caught plagiarizing are punished harshly and have fewer options afterward, whereas students with more financial or social resources can either transfer to another school or rely on their parents for help. What theoretical perspective does this thinking represent?
conflict theory
American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism—and the exploitation and oppression of the working class—make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?
conflict theory
The opening text of this chapter suggests that William Randolph Hearst pressured politicians in early twentieth-century America to make marijuana illegal. Over many decades, social scientists have examined how the selective application of drug laws and the penalties attached to them have favored some groups while harshly penalizing others. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?
conflict theory
Match the justifications for punishment to the appropriate descriptions.
deterrence: passing a law that states that anyone caught stealing an item or items valued at $1,000 or more will have one hand cut off rehabilitation: passing a law that states that first-time offenders for any violent crime will be submitted to a psychological evaluation and given mental health treatment incapacitation: passing a law that states that anyone committing fraud will be imprisoned for a minimum of twenty years
t or F: The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment.
false
t or f: Someone who admits that he has a problem, such as alcoholism, but wants to shake the stigma associated with it and change his life for the better, is experiencing tertiary deviance.
false
In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?
nineteenth
Match each personality type from structural strain theory to its definition.
retreatist: renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether ritualist: gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals rebel: renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward his or her own goals using new means innovator: accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals
Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced?
stereotype threat
Select the phrase or sentence that describes behavior considered deviant in India or Ethiopia. A customer at a restaurant orders a meal of rice, chicken, and vegetables. When the meal arrives, the customer begins eating with their right hand. Halfway through the meal, the customer begins eating with their left hand.
the customer begins eating with their left hand.