ch.7 animal adaptations

regulators

(warm blood, endotherms)

Heterotherms

an organism that during part of its life history becomes either endothermic or ectothermic; hibernating endotherms become ectothermic, and foraging insects such as bees become endothermic during periods of activity; they are characterized by rapid, drastic, repeated changes in body temperature

Metabolism

animals can produce significant quantities of heat by metabolism, and their mobility allows them to seek out or escape heat and cold.

Carnivores

animals that eat other animals

Herbivores

animals that eat plants

conformers

animals unable to maintain constant internal conditions such as body fluid salinity or levels of tissue oxygen

habitat selection

behavioral responses of individuals of a species involving certain environmental cues used to choose a potentially suitable environment

Heterotroph

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances. survives through respiration.using oxygen and an energy source to produce ATP. rely on organic source of carbon.

Water & Salt Balance Ionic regulation

maintaining the regulation of a specific inorganic ion. There are also ionic regulators and conformers in the intracellular fluids but this can not directly be measured by measuring ion regulation in the blood plasma.

Homeotherm

an animal with a constant body temperature

conformers

cold blood, ectotherms)

Osmoregulation

Regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water; is a process of homeostasis.

Water & Salt Balance Osmotic regulation

- maintaining osmotic pressure. an animal can be a complete regulator or a complete conformer.

Chemoautotrophs

-convert carbon dioxide into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules (such as hydrogen gas or hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy. Most are bacteria or archaea that live in hostile environments such as the hydrothermal vents of the deep sea floor

Size Imposes a Fundamental Constraint

A convoluted surface increases the surface area of the organism

Estivation

A period of reduced activity that some animals experience in the summer

countercurrent heat exchange

An anatomical and physiological arrangement by which heat exchange takes place between outgoing warm arterial blood and cool venous blood returning to the body core; important in maintaining temperature homeostasis in many vertebrates.

poikilotherm

An organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment

Homeothermic Ectotherm Example

Desert iguana in the middle of day with means of behavioral regulation.

ectothermy

Determination of body temperature primarily by external thermal conditions.

Heat Loss & Gain (Heat Budget/Equation)

Heat gain occurs when warmth comes into the space via radiant heat as the sun shines. ∆q/∆t = -(1/ρ)·∆F/∆s.

Types of Heat Exchange

Heat is transferred via solid material (conduction), liquids and gases (convection), and electromagnetic waves (radiation).

Poikilotherm and endotherm example

Hibernating mammal

Poikilotherm/Ectotherm "Cold Blooded"

Lizard from night to day

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal environment in a varying external environment

total blood volume regulation

Maintenance of total amount of water. volume conformity rare, more volume regulation.

endothermy

Regulation of body temperature by internal heat production; allows maintenance of appreciable difference between body temperature and external temperature

Adaptations

Sleeping All Day. Many animals survive the heat primarily by avoiding it. Going Underground. Another good way of avoiding the heat is burrowing underground.

Organism's Response to Temperature & Examples -

Temperature has the single most important influence on the distribution of organisms because it determines the physical state of water.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration or pressure gradient

isosmotic

a characteristic describing an organism with body fluids that have the same osmotic pressure as seawater

rete

a large network or discrete vascular bundle of intermingling small blood vessels carrying arterial and venous blood that acts as a heat exchanger in mammals and certain fish and sharks

Thermoneutral Zone, Upper/Lower Critical Temperature, etc.

a range of environmental temperatures within which the metabolic rates are minimal. Outside this zone, marked by upper and lower critical temperatures, metabolic rate increases.

operative environmental temperature

body temperature that occurs when the snake occupies each of these environments

Surviving Extreme temperatures

challenges & adaptation

Setpoint

when system deviates from the normal or desired state

microclimates

where environmental temperatures allow for body temperatures to approach optimal values

Diapause

delay in growth

countercurrent exchange

examples: (c) legs of birds, and (d) flippers of porpoises

hyperosmotic

having a higher concentration of salts in the body tissue than does the surrounding water

hypoosmotic

having a lower concentration of salts in the body tissue than does the surrounding water

negative feedback

homeostatic control in which an increase in some substance or activity ultimately inhibits or reverses the direction of the processes leading to the increase

supercooling

in ectotherms, lowering body temperature below freezing without freezing body tissue, by means of solutes

countercurrent

in fish gills, an arrangement whereby water flows away from the head and blood flows toward the head

Thermoregulation

includes all phenomena in which an organism maintains a mean or variance of body temperature that deviates from a null expectation, defined by random use of thermal microclimates and passive exchange of heat with the environment. Example: Human beings living in a climate of varying temperature and are able to maintain constant body temperature.

Diffusion

is the movement of particles from a higher concentration region to a region of lower concentration.

osmosis

is the movement of solvent particles from a solution that is diluted to a more concentrated one.

Homeostasis

lots of energy for regulators. Little energy for Conformers.

scaling

morphological and physiological features change as a function of body size

Detritivore

organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

thermoneutral zone

range of environmental temperatures within which the metabolic rates are minimal

Types of response to Temperature Change

signals to various organs and systems in your body.

constraints of size

size imposes a fundamental constraint on the evolution of organisms. the smallest animals weigh about 2-10up. the largest living animals are the blue whale 100,000kg and the African elephant 5,000kg.

torpor

temporary great reduction in an animals respiration, with loss of motion and feeling; reduces energy expenditure in response to some unfavorable environmental condition, such as heat or cold.

thermal conductivity

the ability to conduct or transmit heat

Regulatory, Acclimation, Developmental Regulating

the governance and organisational behaviour of bodies under the framework. Acclimation the process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions.

Acclimation

the process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions.

Regulators

use a variety of biochemical, physiological, morphological, and behavioral mechanisms to regulate their internal environments over a brad range of external environmental conditions.