Ch7 The Nervous System

Anecephaly

-cerebrum fails to develop -failure to hear, see or process sensory inputs

Spina Bifida

-incomplete vertebrae formation -paralyzed lower limbs -inability to control the bowels and bladder

Cerebral Palsy

-possible mental retardation and impaired hearing or vision - Neuromuscular disability, possibly from temporary oxygen loss. -Spastic, poorly controlled muscles

Which of the following statements regarding the nerve impulses is true?

A stimulus changes the permeability of a patch of the membrane and sodium ions (Na+) diffuse rapidly into the cell.

__________ neurons carry an impulse to the CNS.

Afferent

Which of these is a sympathetic effect?

Blood vessels constrict.

Central Nervous System

CNS; brain and spinal cord; integrating and command center

Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke?

CVA

In a ______, the victim may be dizzy, "see stars", or lose consciousness

Concussion

The cell bodies of sensory neurons whose fibers enter the spinal cord are found in the __________.

Dorsal root Ganglion

Which of the following substances is/are NOT prevented from entering brain tissue due to the tight junctions that form the blood-brain barrier?

Essential Amino Acids

Why is white matter "white"?

It contains a high concentration of myelin.

________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

Schwann

Supporting cells in the PNS include __________ that form the myelin sheaths and satellite cells that act as protective cushioning cells.

Schwann Cells

Cervical Plexus

Serves the diaphragm, shoulders and neck Phrenic nerve

Anesthetics work by blocking the movement of an ion into an axon, thus preventing an action potential from being generated. Which ion is being blocked?

Sodium

What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and neurotransmitters?

astrocytes

What is the most abundant glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS)?

astrocytes

Which of the following conditions would result from damage to the cerebellum?

ataxia

The cerebellum aids in maintenance of __________.

balance and posture

The __________ nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

central

What produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

choroid plexus

Which of these is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

increases peristalsis within the stomach and small intestines

Which of these is a deep pressure receptor?

lamellar corpuscle

Spinal nerves are _____ nerves.

mixed

All motor and association neurons are __________.

multipolar

Collectively, the supporting cells in the CNS are called __________.

neuroglia

What part of the brain do we use when initiating skeletal muscle movement?

primary motor area

Which of these lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

receptor; afferent neuron; control center; efferent neuron; effector

__________ reflexes regulate skeletal muscle.

somatic

What cranial nerve pair supplies many organs in the ventral body cavity?

vagus nerves

________ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles.

automatic

What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body?

dendrite

Typically, little permanent brain damage occurs in a ____.

Concussion

A brain ________ is the result of marked tissue destruction.

Contusion

In a severe case, a ________ results in a coma.

Contusion

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) may impair the sense of taste?

The facial (N VII) and the glossopharyngeal (N IX)

Which of the following statements regarding the brain stem is FALSE?

The medulla oblongata plays a role in regulating the pituitary gland.

Which statement describes a function of the spinal cord?

The spinal cord sends sensory information to the brain and carries motor signals from the brain to motor neurons.

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________.

cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) {stroke}

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

Which spinal plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve, and what organ does this nerve supply?

cervical; diaphragm

The __________ produce cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexuses

Usually, brain injury is slight in a ______.

concussion

The axon of a neuron __________.

conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body

Together with the brain stem, the __________ oversees all subconscious, autonomic functions.

diencephalon

The deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum is called the __________.

longitudinal fissue

The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

longitudinal fissure

The three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting CNS structures are collectively known as the __________. The __________ is the outermost, leathery layer.

meniges; dura mater

The nervous system gathers and interprets information, and then effects a response through a process called __________.

motor output

Which of the following is NOT a central nervous system glial cell?

neuron

Between successive Schwann cells, there are gaps in the myelin sheath called __________.

nodes of Ranvier

Cranial nerve III is known as the ________ nerve.

oculomotor

The corpus callosum connects the __________.

right and left cerebral hemispheres

Brachial Plexus

serves thorax and upper appendages medial and ulnar nerves Axillary and radial nerves

Which division of the peripheral nervous system activates skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

The __________ division of the autonomic nervous system allows us to initiate the fight-or-flight response in extreme circumstances.

sympathetic

To measure the electrical activity of brain neurons, electrodes are placed at various points on the scalp and connected to a recording device. The patterns of electrical activity of the neurons are called brain waves. Brain waves are unique and can be used to diagnose disorders in the brain.

*Alpha brain waves are typical relaxed, awake states. *Beta brain waves of typical alert, awake status. *Theta brain waves are common in children. *Delta brain waves of deep sleep.

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

*sensory (afferent) division

Both CVA and Alzheimer's Disease

-Language impairment -Memory loss -Short attention span -Disorientation and Confusion -Personality change

CVA Cerebrovascular Accidents

-Paralysis -Brain damage due to a blocked blood supply -Numbness

Alzheimer's Disease

-Progressive brain degeneration

Events at a Synapses

1) an action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal. 2) Calcium channels open, and calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal. 3) Vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. 4) Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. 5) The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, causing ion channels there to open.

Physicians can use simple reflex tests to monitor the CNS. When reflex tests are abnormal, more sophisticated neurological tests may be ordered to try to localize and identify the problem. What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)? (select best answer) a) It is a nuclear medicine scan that gives a three-dimensional image. b) It is a tool that measures the patterns of electrical activity of the neurons in the brain. c) It is a scan using magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the body. d) It is a special X-ray to monitor blood flow in the brain.

It is a tool that measures the patterns of electrical activity of the neurons in the brain.

Peripheral Nervous System

PNS; Cranial and Spinal nerves; Communication lines with the body

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid ________.

Potassium

The __________ area that allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles is anterior to the central sulcus in the __________ lobe.

Primary motor; frontal

The cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are called __________, and in the central nervous system (CNS) the cells are called __________.

Schwann cells; Oligodendrocytes

Lumbar Plexus

Serves the lower abdomen, thighs and hips Femoral and Obturator nerves

Sacral Plexus

Serves the lower trunk, hip and lower appendages Sciatic and gluteal nerves

What is the first event of an action potential?

Sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes.

Which of the following can adversely affect brain development?

alcohol

An action potential i) occurs when the graded potential is strong enough, ii) obeys the all-or-none rule, iii) is initiated by the opening of "gates" for sodium channels, iv) is characterized by a series of depolarizations/repolarizations along the membrane.

all statements are correct