ch8: GLOBAL INEQUALITY

dependency theories

Marxist theories of economic development arguing that the poverty of low-income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations that are based in wealthy countries

market-oriented theories

Theories about economic development that assume that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions, uninhibited by governmental constraint

global commodity chains

Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product

anti-globalization movement

a global counter-movement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labor rights & democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization

7. Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless & often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty:

Absolute

core countries

According to world-systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system

5. In the past, Canada manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their Canadian factories & relocated to China. This is an example of ________________:

CApital flight

4. France might be classified as which kind of nation?

Core

peripheral countries

Countries that have a marginal role in the world economy and are thus dependent on the core producing societies for their trading relationships

semiperipheral countries

Countries that supply sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized societies

emerging economies

Developing countries that, over the past two or three decades, have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Singapore and Hong Kong

semi-peripheral nations

in-between nations, NOT powerful enough to dictate policy BUT acting as in major source of raw materials & providing an expanding middle-class marketplace

gross national income (GNI)

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

deindustrialization

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral & semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

capital flight

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs & resources

world-systems theory

(Pioneered by Immanuel Wallerstein) the theory that emphasizes the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of a capitalist world economy. This economy is made up of core countries, semiperipheral countries, and peripheral countries

3. A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would ____________________________________:

?

6. Slavery in the pre-Civil War American South most closely resembled ________________.

Chattel slavery

global inequality

The systematic differences in wealth and power among countries; the concentration of resources in core nations & in the hands of a wealthy minority

chattel slavery

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

global feminization

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage % of the burden of poverty

subjective poverty

a state of poverty subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

third world

a term from Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries

second world

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations w/ moderate economies & standards of living

first world

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

fourth world

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

modernization theory

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by the industrialization of infrastructure & a shift in cultural attitudes toward work A version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment

underground economy

an unregulated economy of labor & goods that operated outside of governance, regulatory systems or human protections

15. Dependency theorists explain global inequality & global stratification by focusing on the way that ____________________________________.

core nations exploit peripheral nations

1. A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy:

critical sociology

14. If a sociologist points out that corporate interests dominate the global economy, in part by creating global trade agreements & eliminating international tariffs that will inevitably favour the ability of capital to invest in low wage regions, he or she is a _______________________.

globalization theorist

12. One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize____________________________________.

its inherent ethnocentric bias

13. If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology & more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work & success, she is using _________________ theory to study the global economy.

moderization theory

peripheral nations

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

8. Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television & lives on cheap groceries like dried beans & ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in ___________________:

relative poverty

9. Faith has a full-time job & two children. She has enough money for the basics & can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education & experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing _________________.

subjective poverty

11. One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize ____________________________________.

that previously low-income nations (e.g., China) have successfully developed their economies & can no longer be classified as dependent on core nation

debt accumulation

the buildup of externation debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

metropolis-hinterland relationship

the relationship b/w nations when resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises where they are converted into manufactured goods & shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption

relative poverty

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country; Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

global stratification

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

dependency theory

theory stating that global inequality is due to the exploitation of peripheral & semi-peripheral nations by core nations

debt bondage

when people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for $money$ for passage, & are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

10. In a B.C. town, a mining company owns all the stores & most of the houses. It sells goods to the workers at inflated prices, offers house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, & makes sure to always pay the workers less than they need to cover food & rent. Once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. This most closely resembles ______________.

debt slavery

globalization

The development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. In current times, we are all influenced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away. A key part of the study of globalization is the emergence of a world system— for some purposes, we need to regard the world as forming a single social order.

neoliberalism

The economic belief that free-market forces, achieved by minimizing or, ideally, eliminating government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth

absolute poverty

The minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence; the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

colonialism

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

core nations

dominant capitalist countries

2. A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, & improving transportation infrastructure:

functional