Ch.9 Prejudice
Even though people often like women more than men,
prejudice still exists.
In those who were strongly prejudiced,
prejudice appeared to be not specific to one group but an entire way of thinking about those who are "different".
Prejudice:
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.
Prejudice is an attitude:
an attitude is a distinct combination of feelings, inclinations to act, and beliefs. Affect(feelings), behavior tendency (inclination to act), and cognition (beliefs).
Patronization:
Expecting less from certain races. Avoiding criticisms, overpraising accomplishments.
We often see our group as:
good and superior.
On a more positive note,
if people are motivated to void prejudice, they can break the prejudice habit.
If prejudice is socially accepted,
many people will follow keep with the status quo and conform.
Strong gender stereotypes exists and,
may be even stronger than racial stereotypes.
Women make less money than,
men.
Motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to
modify their thoughts and actions.
Self-conscious people will feel guilt and
try to inhibit their prejudicial response.
Most see women as,
understanding, kind, and helpful.
Prejudice springs from:
unequal status and from other social sources, including our acquired values and attitudes.
outgroup:
"Them" a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.
Ingroup:
"Us" a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.
Racism:
(1) An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.
Sexism:
(1) An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex.
Members of the stereotypes group often
,accept the stereotypes.
Although explicit attitudes may change dramatically with education:
,implicit attitudes may linger, changing only as we form new habits through practice.
People like their own social groups to be high status-they prefer being on top and leads people in..
... high social dominance to embrace prejudice and to support political positions that justify prejudice.
Whites take longer when...
...associating pleasant words with black faces compared to white faces.
Prejudice/stereotypes often begin...
...at an early age, reflect attitudes in the home.
Prejudice is a negative...
...attitude.
Discrimination is negative...
...behavior.
Motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups means...
...being in a dominant high-status position tends to promote this orientation (and potential prejudice) and justification for hierarchies.
Attitudes toward women have...
...changed rapidly.
When people don't want to SEEM prejudiced...
...people tend to overcompensate and treat the discriminated person differently.
Stereotypes (beliefs) are not..
...prejudices (attitudes).
When primed with a black face, white people are...
...quicker to recognize a gun, or mistake a non-hostile object for a gun. (Involves primitive regions of the brain associated with fear (amygdala)).
More readily perceived anger in black compared to..
...white faces.
We typically "respect" the competence of those high in status and "like" those...
...who agreeably accept a lower status.
Stereotype:
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate).
Social dominance:
A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups.
Implicit:
Automatic/subtle Implicit attitudes may take longer to change.
Categorization:
Classifying people into groups.
Explicit:
Conscious/overt
Gender discrimination:
Disappearing in democratic Western countries. Non-Western countries gender bias is still strong.
Group-serving bias:
Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions. (fundamental attribution error).
Automatic prejudice:
Example: In a study of 44 Australian drug and alcohol nurses, those displaying the most implicit bias against drug users were also the most likely, when facing job stress, to want a different job.
Dual attitude system:
Explicit (conscious) and Implicit (automatic)
Vivid cases and the availability heuristic:
Giving limited experience with a particular social group, we recall examples of it and generalize. (Can prime/fuel the stereotype).
Displaced aggression:
Hate crimes
Motivational sources of prejudice:
Need for status, self-regard, and belonging.
Gender Stereotypes:
People's beliefs about how women and men do behave.
Terror management:
People's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality. More prejudice.
Outgroup homogeneity effect:
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike, we are diverse."
Stigma consciousness:
Person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination.
Authoritarian personality:
Personality that favors obedience to authority and intolerance of out-groups and those lower in status.
Labor market discrimination:
Regarding resumes with "white" versus "black names, the white names received more calls.
Illusory correlations:
Stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individual's presumed characteristics.
Ingroup Bias:
Tendency to favor one's own group, be more helpful to members within our ingroup, and (sometimes) more dislike for the outgroup.
Social identity theory:
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of identity that comes from our group memberships. -"We categorize", "We identify those in our ingroup", "We compare other groups, outgroups".
own-race bias:
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race. (Also called the cross-race effect or other-race effect).
Realistic group conflict theory:
The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.
Discrimination:
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.
Attentiveness to "unusual" occurrences can create illusory correlations:
Unusual things often stand out, stick in our memories. Confirmation bias also at work.
Racial Prejudice declining?
Yes it is declining.
ethnocentric and judgemental people share tendencies such as:
an intolerance for weakness, a punitive attitude, and a submissive respect for their group's authorities.
Seeing assertiveness or ambition as attractive in men,
abrasive in women.
More bias when our ingroup is smaller,
and of a lower status.
blocked goal/something bad happens,
and we want to blame someone.
Ethnocentricity:
believing int he superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
20% of LGBT resported
being a victim of a crime based on sexual orientation.
Stereotypes aren't necessarily prejudices,
but can support prejudice.
We see other groups as "competent" or as "likeable" ,
but often not both.
We quickly and easily learn to:
categorize things/people-it allows for a more "efficient" system.
Evidence suggest that "religiosity" does not
cause prejudice.
The influence of family socialization appears in:
children's prejudices, which often mirror those perceived in their mothers.
Stereotypes are:
descriptive
Most believe that men and women are..
different yet equal.
Racism and sexism are institutional practices that...:
discriminate, even when there is no prejudicial intent.
High secure status typically:
don't feel threatened and less of a need to feel superior.
Preference for male babies,
even abortion or infanticide of females.
Regarding sexual orientation some studies suggest over 2/3 of people...
experience harassment, bullying.
Use of religion to support injustice helps:
explain a pair of findings concerning North American Christianity.
tough economic times often leads to:
increased hostility towards minorities.
Spontaneously categorizing people
is necessary for prejudice, either us or them.
Spontaneous categorization:
is when we rely on stereotypes, more likely to do this when tired, busy, distracted, or emotional.
Many leaders invoke religion to:
justify the present order.
Those professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian beliefs express:
more prejudice than those professing more progressive beliefs.
White church members express:
more racial prejudice than nonmembers.
Prejudiced and stereotypic evaluations can occur:
outside people's awareness.
Social institutions (schools, government, media) may bolsters prejudice through:
overt policies such as segregation, or by passively reinforcing the status quo.
Implicit measures can still show
prejudicial responses.
Norms are:
prescriptive
Those being LGBT are more likely to be
punished in schools, courts.
The negative evaluations that mark prejudice often are supported by negative beliefs, called:
stereotypes.
Ingroup bias tends to dehumanize
the outgroup.
"Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn"
the statement defines an authoritarian personality that is particularly prone to engage in prejudice and stereotyping.
Children's implicit racial attitudes reflect:
their parent's explicit prejudice.
If prejudice is not deeply ingrained in personality,
then as the "norms" change and new norms evolve, prejudice can diminish.
A prejudiced person may dislike:
those different from self behave in a discriminatory manner, believing them ignorant and dangerous.
Lower status typically feel:
threatened and more disparaging towards others.
If we witness "dissent"
we can reduce prejudice.
Because of our social identifications,
we conform to our group norms.
When our group succeeds,
we feel better by identifying strongly with it.
Feeds on self-consciousness:
we often THINK others are judging/evaluating us more so than they are. The facial scar experiment.
When there are inequalities in status,
we often justify/rationalize them.
Distinctive people:
we pay more attention to them, and often attribute outcomes to them.