Ch.9 Study Questions (Part 1)

Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______. a. hypothalamus; aldosterone b. kidneys; renin c. adrenals; vasopressin d. adrenals; aldosterone

Adrenals; aldosterone

The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______. a. angiotensin II; area postrema b. ANP; circumventricular organs c. aldosterone; kidneys d. vasopressin; posterior pituitary

Aldosterone; kidneys

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary. a. constriction; vasopressin b. dilation; ANP c. constriction; angiotensin II d. dilation; insulin

Constriction; vasopressin

The body fluid compartments change with_______ upon severe water loss. a. increased blood pressure and increased plasma volume b. decreased blood pressure and no change in plasma volume c. decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume d. increased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

Decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be a. greater tolerance for high external temperatures. b. increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity. c. a reduction energy requirements. d. a greater differential between the animal's metabolism during rest and during activity.

Increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline. a. isotonic b. hypertonic c. hypotonic d. neotonic

Isotonic

Physiological saline is also sometimes described as a. hypotonic. b. hypertonic. c. isotonic. d. infratonic

Isotonic

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called a. ketones. b. glycogen. c. fatty acids. d. glucagon

Ketones

Which structure produces angiotensin II? a. adrenal glands. b. pancreas. c. pituitary gland. d. kidneys

Kidneys

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the a. lateral hypothalamus. b. preoptic area. c. ventromedial hypothalamus. d. amygdala.

Lateral hypothalamus

Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive? a. Lowering your breathing rate b. Building a snow cave c. Ripping some of the upholstery out of the car and using it as extra insulation under your clothing d. Huddling in the fetal position

Lowering your breathing rate

Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system? a. Increased thyroid activity b. Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels c. Sweating d. Lying in the shade

Lying in the shade

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms? a. Preoptic area b. Brainstem c. Medial hypothalamus d. Dorsomedial thalamus

Preoptic area

A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is a. simplicity. b. redundancy. c. invariability. d. universality.

Redundancy

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because a. it requires such a great deal of energy. b. larger temperature changes trigger smaller responses. c. restoring the desired temperature turns off the response. d. Hot and cold temperatures are the opposite of each other.

Restoring the desired temperature turns off the response

The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for a. protein. b. carbohydrates. c. sugar. d. salt.

Salt

Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called a. homeotherms. b. poikilotherms. c. ectotherms. d. endotherms.

Endotherms

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______. a. intracellular; is similar to that of seawater b. intracellular; is saltier than that of seawater c. extracellular; is similar across species d. extracellular; varies widely among species

Extracellular; is similar across species

Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of a. negative feedback. b. fever. c. allostasis. d. thermoregulation

Fever

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose? a. Aldosterone b. Insulin c. Glucagon d. CCK

Glucagon

What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism? a. 10‒20% b. 20‒30% c. 60‒70% d. 80‒90%

80-90%

Which event will trigger osmotic thirst? a. Blood loss b. Diarrhea c. Drinking distilled water d. A salty meal

A salty meal

Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior? a. A dog panting on a hot day b. A group of birds roosting together at night c. A turtle basking on a sunny log d. A person shivering in a cold house

A turtle basking on a sunny log

The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia. a. ANP b. angiotensin II c. vasopressin d. insulin

Angiotensin II

Which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict? a. Angiotensin II b. Vasopressin c. Oxytocin d. Neuropeptide Y

Angiotensin II

A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized a. osmoreceptors. b. baroreceptors. c. volume receptors. d. hydroceptors.

Baroreceptors

_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment. a. Motivation b. Endothermic c. Homeostasis d. Negative feedback

Homeostasis

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called a. insulin. b. vasopressin. c. glucagon. d. glycogen

Glycogen

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons? a. Subfornical organ b. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) c. Periventricular organ d. Area postrema

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst. a. hypovolemic b. hypotonic c. osmoreceptive d. osmotic

Osmotic

The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst. a. osmotic; hypervolemic b. isotonic; isovolemic c. osmotic; hypovolemic d. hypotonic; hypervolemic

Osmotic; hypovolemic

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it a. shrinks. b. swells. c. does not change. d. immediately dies.

Swells

Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure? a. The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane b. The spontaneous spread of solute molecules through a solvent c. The force of solute against a cell membrane d. The tendency of a solvent to sink due to higher density.

The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal a. grooming. b. fatigue. c. temperature increase. d. thirst.

Thrist

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the a. hypothalamus. b. kidneys. c. ventricular system. d. vascular system

Vascular system

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone? a. Aldosterone b. Vasopressin c. Angiotensin II d. Rennin

Vasopressin