Ch.9,10,11,12

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Amy is a woman who feels emotional and sexual attraction for other women but not towards men. Amy is ________.

homosexual

Which of the following is an example of the overjustification effect?

Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

During early childhood

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis?

The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.

basolateral nucleus

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.

biological; social

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa.

bulimia

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Body dysmorphia is a ________.

distorted body image

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

ectomorph

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.

extrinsic

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

generativity vs. stagnation

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional love

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

Assimilation

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs despair

Some studies show that ________ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements; in fact, reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ________ motivation.

intrinsic

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

intrinsic

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

physiological

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

reaction formation

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.

the self-realization process

Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.

wanting to become a chef

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

- The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

Accommodation

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?

Albert Bandura

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Generativity vs. stagnation

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?

Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

Universal

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?

We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________.

are mutable

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers.

affiliation

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Mercy probably suffers from ________.

anorexia

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Prader-Willi syndrome is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems.

change the name "Prader-Willi syndrome" to the name "Autism Spectrum Disorder"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The components of cognition are physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience.

change the word "cognition" to the word "emotion"

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

In the following sentence, identify the extrinsic motivation. Kit, who lives with her father, maintains a 3.5 grade average in order to keep her phone, visits her mother every weekend because she wants to, and joins the high school basketball team because she enjoys the sport.

maintaining a 3.5 grade average

A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.

metabolic

Research shows that ________; performance tends to suffer ________.

moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?

moving toward people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

moving with people

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Specific normative events are also called ________.

Developmental milestones

Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wants to complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends every day timing how long it takes her to run the high school track.

completing a marathon