Changing Populations
G-8
Group of 8 - a group of 8 highly industrialized nations that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues - discuss economic development and foreign politics -includes France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, USA, and Canada, Russia got kicked out recently after its actions in Ukraine
Multilateral Aid
Help given by Canada to an organization that is responsible for distributing it to needy countries ex. World Health Organization, UNICEF
Bilateral Aid
Help given from Canada directly to another country ex. equipment, technical help (mechanics/business specialists), health care, money
Source Regions of Immigrants (2010s)
Most come from Asia - Europe is more advanced now (richer, more opportunities) - Asian countries are poorer and have overpopulation - Political unrest in Asia Some from Caribbean countries - Poor - Natural disasters (ex. earthquake) caused widespread destruction
Rate of Population Growth in Recent Years
Natural increase rate has been declining and net migration rate has been increasing, thus making the growth mostly due to migration. The rate is fairly stationary (around 1% per year).
WFP
World Food Programme - goal is to eliminate hunger & food instability - Canada's role is providing support and donations
WTO
World Trade Organization - its goal is to help the conduction of trade - promotes free trade, develops international trade rules, and monitors trade agreements between nations - creates opportunities for Canadian workers and businesses
What is the Commonwealth?
- all the countries under the power of the United Kingdom ex. Canada, Australia, Mauritius
Arguments for Foreign Aid
(1) Can play a vital role in helping to promote economic and social development. It supplements low domestic savings and low foreign exchange reserves, permitting a country to invest more than what it saves and import resources to alleviate the resource constraint. Increases access to technology and manpower, which can increase food production and access to amenities (2) It is correct from an ethical standpoint: we have a moral obligation to help people in need, to save lives and rebuild communities. (3) Getting involved in foreign aid improves our reputation and our political relations with other countries. If we help countries, they may help us in return in the future.
Arguments Against Foreign Aid
(1) Foreign aid is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for a country's development. Most countries developed just fine with no foreign aid. There are many examples of little development occurring in spite of large foreign aid. (2) It creates dependence on foreign aid, destroying self-reliance, propping up authoritarian regimes and preventing independent economic development. (3) Takes a lot of money and resources, displacing public sector savings and leaking money from our economy. It leads to drainage of foreign exchange reserves and government corruption of the receiving country leads to money being used in the wrong sector. We also have our own problems to sort out in Canada, such as the living conditions of Native peoples. If we can't improve the quality of life for our own citizens, we shouldn't be helping other countries before we help ourselves.
Disadvantages of Immigration for Canada
(1) destroying Canada's traditional culture and causes conflicts between ethnic groups (2) results in a larger population, which makes it difficult to have sustainable living practices and causes overcrowding in big cities (3) immigrants take away job opportunities from Canadians, raising the unemployment rate and contributing to lower wages for everyone (4) many immigrants aren't citizens, so they come in to work, get money, and go back to their home country, not contributing to the economy or paying taxes. they end up taking money away from Canada (5) immigrants from poorer countries often get caught in a cycle of poverty, relying on welfare due to lack of money and job opportunity, thus, they are taking money from Canada's welfare programs and not returning it through economic contribution
Canada's Immigration History
- 97% of Canadians are immigrants or descendants of immigrants - Canada has been accepting immigrants for almost 400 years, but most came in the last 115 years
Social & Humanitarian Immigration
- Family Class - Refugee Class
Reasons for birth rate decrease in the 1930s
- Great Depression (1929-1939) - poor economic times, no money, jobs, food, so no one wanted kids to have to support
Economic Immigrants
- Skilled Worker Class - Skilled Trades Class - Canadian Experience Class - Start-Up Visa
Refugee Class
- a person may apply for refugee status while in Canada or from another country - each refugee claim is judged on its merits and the majority of claims are rejected - under international law, all countries have a responsibility to accept legitimate refugees
Canadian Experience Class
- accepts immigrants who have legally worked in Canada under a temporary worker program for at least 1 year - applicant does not require a job offer in Canada - pass or fail system
Reasons for death rate decrease since 1855
- advances in medicine cure disease and keep people alive longer (ex. discovery of penicillin in 1928) - better eating habits
Skilled Trades Class
- attracts immigrants with specific trade skills that are in short supply in Canada - only certain tradespeople are eligible, including electricians, plumbers, machinists, loggers, miners - a person must meet 4 conditions : (1) have a job offer in Canada (2) have strong enough language skills to do the job (3) have 2 or more years of experience in the trade (4) be qualified to do the job by Canadian standards - pass or fail system
Reasons for birth rate decrease since 1855
- changing social standards of family size (no longer need a lot of kids to work on the farm, more expensive to raise kids in an urban environment) - women want higher education & careers - widespread contraception
Family Class
- citizens or permanent residents of Canada are allowed to sponsor close family members who want to move to Canada - the sponsor agrees to be financially responsible for the person being sponsored (has to support them until they have a steady source of income and can support themselves) -length of the financial commitment varies from 3-10yrs
Benefits of Immigration for the Sending Country
- developing countries benefit from remittances (payments sent home by migrants) that often outweigh foreign aid - unemployment is reduced and young migrants improve their futures - returning migrants bring savings, skills, and international contacts
Benefits of Immigration for Canada
- enriches the culture - will bring in young families to offset the rapidly aging population. the young families will close the 'pension gap' because they will pay taxes to support senior citizens. they will also bring in kids to transform failing schools and ensure a strong future workforce, supporting future aging citizens and the balance of the Canadian population - will help our economy by bringing in skills, education and money. immigrants are also very motivated and willing to do jobs that natives might not want to do. this increase in labour force is especially significant for Canada, due to its aging population
What supports are needed to make immigration easier?
- familiar cultural elements (ex. foods) - language support centres (ESL, people who speak the language/translators) - family and friends
Start-Up Visa
- for people who want to start up a business in Canada - a person must meet 4 criteria: (1) show that approved Canadian investors will fund their business idea (2) demonstrate a high degree of proficiency in English or French (3) have at least 1 year of post-secondary education (4) have enough of their own money to support themselves until the proceeds from the business can do so
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
- include organizations such as churches, service groups, Red Cross - give international aid with no affiliation with the government - about 1/4 of Canada's aid is given by NGOs
Skilled Worker Class
- judged on a point system, need a minimum number of 67 points to be admitted - done for the member of the family with the highest point total: if one person qualifies, the whole family is admitted - the government identified high-demand occupations, such as engineers, business executives, medical professionals, and people with training and experience in those areas are fast-tracked through the system
Disadvantages of Immigration for the Sending Country
- loses young workers and highly trained people, especially health workers. this results in economic, technological, and health disadvantages - children being left behind or in a very small family circle
Negative Growth P. P.
- negative growth - low birth and death rates - a high proportion of aged persons and declining numbers ex. countries in the former Soviet Union Newfoundland and Labrador
Reasons for the Baby Boom (1946-1965, peak in 1955)
- post-WWII had a boost in the economy, meaning more money and jobs, so people had kids because of the good circumstances - young soldiers wanted to start a family
Expansive Population Pyramid
- rapid growth - wide base ~ high birth rate - low point ~ low life expectancy ex. developing countries: Algeria, Botswana, etc Nunavut (lots of Native Americans, low access to birth control, high child mortality rate)
Stationary Pop. Pyramid
- slow growth - narrow base ~ low birth rate - high point ~ high life expectancy ex. developed countries Manitoba
When was immigration highest?
1903 - 1913 (the Great Expansion of Western Canada) - the gov't offered incentives to attract immigrants, including free land in the Prairies - Europe was in bad economic conditions
When was immigration lowest?
1930 - 1945 (the Great Depression was 1929-39, and WWII was 1939-45) - poor economic conditions (no one had money to support themselves, so they wouldn't want immigrants) - wartime (didn't want to travel across war ground and risk being killed)
Population Pyramid
A convenient way of showing the structure of a population. It's a graph that depicts population distribution by age and gender. By analyzing population pyramids, governments can make informed decisions in regards to infrastructure, taxes, stores/services, immigration, etc.
Population Implosion
A dramatic decline in population; the opposite of a population explosion
Race
A group of people who have physical characteristics in common, such as skin colour.
Culture
A group of people who share common customs, religion, language, and beliefs.
Demographic Transition Model
A model used to describe the change from a high birth and death rate demographic pattern to a low birth and death rate pattern. A model of the process of gradual population change over time, using birth and death rates/natural increase rate, that describes the 4 stages a country's population goes through.
Prejudice
A negative or hostile attitude towards a person or group formed without just grounds.
Emigrant
A person who leaves one country to move to another
Fragile State
A poor country that is not able to respond to crises that might occur in its food supply, healthcare, or other critical systems
Stereotype
A preconceived idea about an entire group of people without regard for their individual differences.
Push Factor
A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country ex. weather, threat of war, poor environmental conditions, economic depression
Pull Factor
A reason that makes a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants ex. economic/educational opportunities, political stability, relatives or friends living in the country
Effects of Declining Population
A smaller workforce, and thus a decrease in jobs and economic activity. Companies might close down or leave Canada due to a lack of workers, which would damage our economy and access to manufactured goods An aging population, meaning tax hikes for the workforce of Canada: an increased proportion of seniors would mean fewer working people to pay for their healthcare and pensions, so each individual person would have to pay more to support them The government might encourage the immigration of young families into Canada. The young workers would increase the size of the workforce and offset the number of senior citizens. More taxes will be paid to the government that can be used for pensions, healthcare, etc. A decrease in youths would result in a decrease in the accessibility and quality of education. As schools close down due to lack of students, the distance between operating schools will increase and render commuting more difficult. Certain secondary and post-secondary programs may close or decrease in quality due to lack of funding. This will result in a long-term decrease in the amount of highly trained workers in the workforce.
Net gainers from interprovincial migration
Alberta & Saskatchewan - lots of jobs available on farms, oil sands - cheap housing
Melting Pot
All cultures are mixed together to come out as one; cultural assimilation.
Stage 3: Late Transition (stats)
Birth Rate: Drops quickly (traditional views as to large families change due to raising children being more expensive, in cities especially) Death Rate: drops to under 10 per 1 000 Natural Increase: Drops as the birth rate approaches the already low death rate
Stage 4: Post-Transition (stats)
Birth Rate: Stabilizes at slightly below 10 per 1 000 - in many countries, the TFR < RR even though, in theory they should be equal Death Rate: Stabilizes at slightly below 10 per 1 000 Natural Increase: No one knows the long-term outlook for stage 4 yet - birth rates could increase to near the RR - there could be a population implosion
Stage 1: Pre-Transition (stats)
Birth Rate: high (approx. 45 per 1000); TFR is 6-10 or more Death Rate: high, similar to birth rate; most children don't reach adulthood Natural Increase: population grows little, if at all
Stage 2: Early Transition (stats)
Birth Rate: remains high (45 per 1 000) Death Rate: drops dramatically Natural Increase: very high, population explosion
Advantages of Population Growth
Creates jobs and boosts the economy: larger workforce, people bring money into the economy from other countries and purchase products of Canadian companies Creates cultural diversity: integrates different ethnicities into Canadian communities and introduces new foods, sports, religions, etc. into Canada's culture More taxes are paid to the government: people come in with new money and pay taxes, meaning that the gov't gets more money to spend on improving healthcare, transportation, welfare/benefits, etc.
Short-Term Aid
Intended to help out in emergencies ex. given after an earthquake or a hurricane
IMF
International Monetary Fund - purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system - manage the system of exchange rates and international loans & payments - Canada is given advice by the fund as to its monetary transactions
Why does the DTM happen globally?
It relates to the stage of development of the country and happens due to the major trends in the history of society: - development of and improvements in agriculture - the move from rural life to urban life - growth in the understanding of disease prevention and cures - changes in the role of women in society - changes to attitudes about family size
Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade, and Development
Manages Canada's international effort to reduce the number of people living in poverty
Long-Term Aid
Meant to help the countries develop the conditions that will allow them to prosper
Interprovincial Movement
Migration from province to province
Intraprovincial Movement
Migration within a province
Source Regions of Immigrants (1900s)
Most came from Europe - Europeans were more developed and could afford to immigrate - Canada's gov't had connections to the UK and Europe, and gave incentives for Europeans to immigrate to Canada. Europeans also felt more comfortable moving there (English speaking, already largely European and immigrant based) - Lower classes had limited opportunities in Europe (poor economic times) and were offered money and farmland in Canada
Breakaway: Cultural Examples
Negative: - stereotypes: anyone who wears a turban is a snake charmer, hockey is a white man's sport/Indians can't play hockey - prejudice: anyone with a turban is an outsider and weird Positive: - community: brought people of the Sikh culture together, unifying them over a common cause - family: made the family closer as the kids accepted their culture and the father accepted their slight assimilation to fit in - faith: found strength in their beliefs, motivation to get through their struggle
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - UN Alliance organization (includes North American & European countries) - fulfills the goals of the Atlantic Treaty - purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means - Canada's role was to ensure the alliance remains modern, flexible, and agile to be able to face threats in future
Net losers from interprovincial migration
Ontario & Quebec - already a lot of people: low job availability, expensive - jobs were lost in manufacturing when the Canadian dollar became equal to the American dollar
Where do immigrants live in Canada?
Ontario and British Columbia - big cities with a lot of immigrants already: ~ immigrant services (ESL classes, jobs for people with poor English) ~ cultural burrows ease the transition (ethnic foods, native language speakers) - large number of jobs in a variety of fields - warmer and more hospitable climates, not having to worry about coats/heating, and can walk places
Racism Definition
Prejudice based on the belief that another race is inferior to yours. Hatred or intolerance of another race.
Multiculturalism
Social system in which people of different ethnic backgrounds are encouraged to maintain their traditions.
Refugee
Someone who moves to another country because of fear of cruel or inhumane treatment in her or his home country as a result of race, religion, sexual orientation, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group
Immigrant
Someone who moves to one country from another
Illegal Immigrant
Someone who tries to enter and live in a country illegally. Reasons: inability to qualify for immigration, no papers/identification, not being able to wait for completion of process Methods: coming in as tourists and just staying indefinitely, sneaking across the border on foot, coming in on a boat (not so much in Canada)
Replacement Rate (RR)
The TFR that will result in a stable population, usually considered to be 2.1 children per woman
WHO
The World Health Organization - concerned with international public health within the United Nations' system - focuses on education, research, and immunization against diseases - Canada gives out doctors, funds, and resources
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime
Birth Rate
The number of births in a population per 1000 people per year (expressed as x births/1000 people per year) birth rate = births/population * 1 000
Death Rate
The number of deaths in a population per 1000 people per year (expressed as x deaths/1000 people per yr) death rate = deaths/population * 1 000
Emigration Rate
The number of emigrants in a population per 1000 people per year (x emigrants/1000 people per yr) ~ emigration rate = emigrants/population * 1 000
Immigration Rate
The number of immigrants in a population per 1000 people per year (x immigrants/1000 people per yr) ~ immigration rate = immigrants/population * 1000
Doubling Time
The number of years it would take for a country's population to double at the current rate of growth Calculated using the 'rule of 70' ~ doubling time = 70/population growth rate
Dependency Load
The part of the population that needs to be supported by the working class 0-14 and 65+ age groups
Cultural Imprint
The physical or social effects an ethnic group has on the characteristics of a neighbourhood.
Natural Increase Rate
The rate by which a population increased due to birth and death per year (natural causes) ~ natural increase = (birth rate - death rate) To get a %: divide answer by 10 To get a rate: leave the answer over 1 000
Net Migration Rate
The rate by which a population increased due to migration per year ~ net migr. = (immigration rate - emigration rate) To get a %: divide by 10 To get a rate: put the answer over 1 000
Demographic Trap
The situation in which a country's population growth rate is so high that the country's wealth is unable to support the growing numbers of people and the country is unable to develop enough economically or socially to reach stage 4. It is most common in countries in late stage 2 or early stage 3, where death rates have dropped substantially but birth rates are still high. To escape the demographic trap, countries need to lower the birth rate to decrease the natural increase and get enough money to reach stage 4.
Population Growth Rate
The total rate by which a population increased per year ~ pop. growth rate = natural increase + net migration To get a %: add in their % from To get a rate: add in their rate forms, and leave over 1000
Intervening Obstacles
Things that might prevent a potential migrant from migrating ex. complicated acceptance process/might not qualify, cost, fear of the unknown, no papers/identification
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - promotes international understanding and peace by promoting cooperation through education, science, and culture - focuses on education and cultural representation in the world, encouraging the value of diversity - Canada promotes its own culture
UNICEF
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund - long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries - focuses on education, nutrition, and health - Canada is helping developing countries by raising money and awareness
Stage 2: Early Transition (social climate)
What was happening in society? - technological advances meant that more farmers were involved in commercial food production - better food storage methods improved food security - more productive agriculture meant fewer farmers were needed, people migrated to urban centres to find work - simple sanitation improvements meant fewer diseases - people continued to have large families, but more children reached adulthood and had their own families
Stage 3: Late Transition (social time and climate)
When did it start? - In developed countries (ex. Western Europe), stage 3 started in the late 1800s - In developing countries, birth rates dropped more quickly, but much later - Most of the developing world is in this phase What was happening in society? - The move to cities sped up until most people lived in urban areas - More machinery and less human power meant that agricultural productivity increase continued
Stage 4: Post-Transition (social time and climate)
When did it start? - Quite recent; countries like Canada, Japan, & Germany have reached this stage in the last 30 years or so What was happening in society? - All of the trends mentioned previously continued - Move to the cities has ended (most developed countries have an 80% urban population rate) - Role of women in society has changed, as many women work in full-time careers
Stage 2: Early Transition (social time)
When did it start? - in the most developed countries, stage 2 started around the late 1700s - in developing countries, the decline in death rate was later but much quicker - in the poorest countries, stage 2 did not begin until the 1960s - a few, very poor countries in dry areas of northern Africa (ex. Chad, Niger) are still in stage 2
Stage 1: Pre-Transition (social time and climate)
When did it start? The beginning of human history - in developed countries, lasted until sometime in the 19th century - in developing countries, lasted into the 20th century - no country in the world is still in Stage 1 today What was happening in society? - hunting & gathering food, later subsistence farming - children would work - harsh & uncertain life, many would die from disease, contaminated water, malnourishment - events of mass death (ex. Black Death, Taiping Rebellion)
Cultural Mosaic/Tossed Salad
When there are pockets of different cultures within a society: immigrants don't lose their identities.
Temporary Foreign Worker Program
Work permits for temporary foreign workers that apply to a wide variety of jobs, especially in parts of Canada with low unemployment rates Some workers end up staying in Canada by qualifying for the Canadian Experience Class, but most return home at the end of their work contract Advantages: essential to the operation of many kinds of businesses, providing a cheap labour force (ex. farming); the workers also send remittances back to their home countries, which supports developing countries' economies Disadvantage: allows companies to hire foreign workers when they could employ Canadian residents (causes money to leach out of the Canadian economy)
On which categories of immigrants should we focus?
skilled worker & skilled trades classes - benefits the Canadian economy by bringing in skilled, experienced workers - supplements professions where workers are lacking, to promote development in all fields, including science/tech - decrease the price of services, such as plumbing & electricity, by bringing in more workers with experience in those fields: price will decrease due to higher availability and and price competition