Chap 16 m/c A&P

How do protein kinases affect enzymes?

They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme. They cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.

Which of the following is true about water-soluble hormones?

They have a short half-life.

Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __

adipose tissue

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __

an increase in parathyroid hormone

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________. adrenal glands ovaries anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) parathyroid glands thyroid gland

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) It is by this portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________. using calcium ions as a second messenger activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex activating G proteins activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell

binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.

Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________.

cells other than those that secrete it

Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?

cholecalciferol

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________.

damage to the pineal gland

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________. after general anesthesia ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer damage to the pineal gland after neurosurgery

damage to the pineal gland Hypersecretion of ADH cannot occur from damage to the pineal gland.

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by _

deficiency of thyroxin

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________. estrogen epinephrine thyroid hormone aldosterone insulin

epinephrine The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________. glucose-containing hormones protein-based hormones amino acid-based hormones steroid hormones cholesterol-containing hormones

glucose-containing hormones The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid-based hormones (protein-based) or steroids (cholesterol-containing).

The stimulus for producing insulin is __________. low glycogen concentration low blood amino acid concentration low blood fatty acid concentration high blood glucose concentration high blood nucleic acid concentration

high blood glucose concentration Excess glucose levels in the blood stimulate beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin.

The stimulus for secreting parathyroid hormone is a good example of a __________. pituitary gland stimulus hormonal stimulus hypothalamic stimulus humoral stimulus neural stimulus

humoral stimulus The declining levels of calcium ions in the blood control secretion of PTH, which is a humoral stimulus.

Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? pituitary pancreas hypothalamus pineal

hypothalamus The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? sulfur iron iodine zinc copper

iodine The production of functional thyroid hormone requires iodine.

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ but produces hormones in addition to its major excretory function? kidneys pituitary pancreas thymus

kidneys Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.

nervous

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system. circulatory reproductive digestive nervous

nervous The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the nervous system.

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? endocrine neural paracrine autocrine

paracrine Paracrine signals are local signals that affect adjacent cells

Which of the following describes a hormone that CANNOT exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone? antagonism permissiveness assertiveness synergism

permissiveness In permissiveness, a hormone needs another hormone to be fully effective.

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by ______

peroxidase enzymes

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________. peroxidase enzymes the Golgi apparatus lysosomes in the cell colloid endocytosis

peroxidase enzymes Colloid endocytosis is involved in the formation of thyroid hormones but not at the iodination stage.

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________. posterior pituitary hormones pancreatic hormones steroid hormones catecholamines

steroid hormones A steroid hormone complex controls the formation of new messenger RNA.

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT ______

suppression of cancer

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________. acromegaly in adults gigantism in children suppression of cancer diabetes

suppression of cancer

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT _

the brain

Polydipsia is excessive __________ associated with diabetes mellitus. thirst hunger urine output blood glucose levels

thirst Polydipsia is one of the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus, in which dehydration stimulates the thirst centers of the hypothalamus, triggering excessive thirst.

The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________.

transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.

ACTH

Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland? TSH PRL ADH FSH LH

ADH Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

The "hormone response element" is located on the cell

DNA

Three cardinal signs of DM

Polyuria—huge urine output Polydipsia—excessive thirst Polyphagia—excessive hunger and food consumption

Which hormone is NOT being synthesized if a goiter forms? FSH TH insulin renin

TH A goiter may form in the absence of iodine as colloid continues to be produced but cannot be iodinated to synthesize thyroid hormone.

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________. TSH FSH TH ADH ACTH

TH Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.