chap 19,20, 22,23
An elderly patient who was recently diagnosed with emphysema asks the nurse what caused the disease. Which of the following statements is the best response?
"One of the causes of emphysema is a history of cigarette smoking that causes damage to the lungs. Have you ever smoked?"
In hypovolemic shock, renal perfusion and urinary output decline. The nurse will monitor urinary output and knows that output below which of the following levels indicates inadequate renal perfusion?
20 mL/hour
The nurse is monitoring hourly urine output of a client diagnosed with hypovolemic shock. The nurse is most concerned if the client's output is:
20 mL/hour
diagnostic tests that were ordered for a client diagnosed with heart failure. Select the test that would provide information about the client's ejection fraction and ventricular preload.
Cardiac computerized axial tomography (CCT)
A client with primary lung disease has developed right heart failure. The health care provider would document this as:
Cor pulmonale
client with primary lung disease has developed right heart failure.
Cor pulmonale
hild has developed respiratory stridor and is displaying a crowing sound. The parents ask the nurse what is causing this sound. The best response would be:
Increased turbulence of air moving through the obstructed airways
hat he has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which of the following age-related changes predisposes older adults to developing heart failure?
Increased vascular stiffness
Circulatory shock is characterized by an inability of the circulatory system to provide adequate oxygen to body tissues. Which of the following damaging effects at the cellular level can cause hypoxia? Select all that apply.
Pyruvate converted to lactic acid, cellular edema, deranged sodium/potassium balance, impaired cellular production of ATP
A nurse preceptor is evaluating the skills of a new registered nurse (RN) caring for clients experiencing shock. Which action by the new RN indicates a need for more education?
Raising the head of the bed to a high Fowler's position (The person should be placed in a supine position)
"
Structural changes with current or previous symptoms of failure
primary cause of heart failure in infants and children?
Structural heart defects
A client with coccidioidomycosis has developed a severe headache with neck stiffness, has a fever, and states he feels very ill. What does the nurse recognize these symptoms may indicate?
The client might have meningitis, which is the most common cause of death.
highest risk for the development of atelectasis
The client who is postop total knee replacement and receiving client-controlled analgesia
statements concerning hypoxemia are true?
The condition depends on the body's ability to adapt to lowered oxygen levels. brain is vulnerable to hypoxia.When hypoxemia occurs, metabolic acidosis is a possible outcome. Normally, serum lactate levels are between 1 and 0.5 mmol/L.
The health care provider is reviewing lab results of a client diagnosed with heart failure. The provider notes that the client's ANP and BNP levels have been increasing and remain significantly elevated. These results would be interpreted as:
The condition is getting progressively worse.
myodardial infarction. Which lab value does the nurse suspect the physician will order which is known to have a high specificity for myocardial tissue and has become the primary biomarker test for diagnosing an MI?
Troponin assays
An elderly client admitted to the hospital with tuberculosis becomes cyanotic, tachycardic, and develops a fever and cough. Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Tuberculous empyema due to primary progressive tuberculosis
A patient is told that she has cardiac valve leaflets, or cusps, that are floppy and fail to shut completely, permitting blood flow even when the valve should be completely closed.
Valvular regurgitation
Levels of endothelins may be increased in clients with heart failure. Which of the following is the primary action of endothelins?
Vasoconstriction
instructions should the nurse give to a patient with a new prosthetic mitral valve? Select all that apply.
"Expect to take prophylactic antibiotics for dental work."" ""Lifelong anticoagulants are necessary to prevent blood clots.""
patient with a diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aortic valve stenosis.
"I should report episodes of dizziness or fainting."
A nurse is performing client health education with a 68-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with heart failure. Which of the following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of his new diagnosis?
"I'm trying to think of ways that I can cut down the amount of salt that I usually eat."
The patient gets worried and asks, "What does this mean?"
"One of your heart valves is not opening properly. We need to do an echocardiogram to see which valve is having problems."
most appropriate for a group of older adults who are concerned about their cardiac health?
"The plaque that builds up in your heart vessels obstructs the normal flow of blood and can even break loose and lodge itself in a vessel."
wo days post-operative in a surgical unit of a hospital is at risk of developing atelectasis as a result of being largely immobile. Which of the following teaching points
"You should breath deeply and cough to help your lungs expand as much as possible while you're in bed."
dx with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) experienced "sudden death." The emergency room nurse explains sudden death from a STEMI as death that occurs within what time frame of symptom onset?
1 hour
Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant and they usually develop at how many weeks gestation?
24-28 weeks
patient with a history of cor pulmonale will likely be exhibiting which of the following clinical manifestations of right heart failure?
4+ pitting edema in lower extremities, JVD, altered LOC
assessing the blood pressure of a client who is experiencing cardiogenic shock. Which of the following blood pressure readings is most likely?
90/75
In which of the following patient situations would a physician be most justified in preliminarily ruling out pericarditis as a contributing pathology to the patient's health problems?
A 77-year-old with diminished S3 and S4 heart tones, irregular heart rate, and a history or atrial fibrillation
admitted for a relapse for sarcoidosis. Knowing this is usually caused by an inflammatory process, the nurse can anticipate administering
A corticosteroid.
A client recovered from influenza two days ago and informs the nurse that she is feeling better but now has a fever, chills, pain when breathing, and a productive cough. What complication does the nurse anticipate the client will be treated for?
A secondary bacterial pneumonia
in respiratory distress after eating peanuts. The following interventions are ordered by the health care provider. Which intervention should the nurse complete first?
Administer epinephrine (adrenaline).
most common cause of hypercapnia?
Alterations in respiratory rate
The nursing instructor teaches the students that when a client is suffering from pericarditis he/she will have a friction rub. The student asks the instructor what a friction rub is.
An audible medical sign that is high-pitched and results from the rubbing and friction between the inflamed pericardial surfaces.
symptoms of urticaria, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty in breathing. The client is most likely experiencing which type of shock?
Anaphylactic
A 20-year-old male client is experiencing a severe immunologically mediated reaction in which histamines have been released into the blood. Select the type of reaction most likely occurring with this client.
Anaphylatic shock
he dysrhythmia that occurs most frequently in heart failure is which of the following?
Atrial fibrillation
treatment of a common cold.
Antipyretic medications and rest
early signs of constrictive pericarditis. The most likely manifestation would be:
Ascites
An elderly client recently had a cerebrovascular accident that resulted in dysphagia. Which of the following is the nurse's greatest concern while feeding this client?
Aspiration
auscultate for a mitral valve stenosis murmur Where is the best location to place the stethoscope?
At the apex of the heart
the the main cause of CAD?
Atherosclerosis
Dysrhythmias can occur in patients with heart failure. The dysrhythmia that occurs most frequently in heart failure is which of the following?
Atrial fibrillation
25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Physical assessment reveals an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter. Which of the following terms
Barrel chest
A 77 year old patient with a history of coronary artery disease and heart failure has arrived in the emergency room with a rapid heart rate and feeling of, "impending doom." Based on pathophysiologic principles, the nurse knows the rapid heart rate could:
Be a result of catecholamines released from SNS which could increase the myocardial oxygen demand.
history of coronary artery disease and heart failure has arrived in the emergency room with a rapid heart rate and feeling of, "impending doom." Based on pathophysiologic principles, the nurse knows the rapid heart rate could:
Be a result of catecholamines released from SNS which could increase the myocardial oxygen demand.
infant who was born prematurely and developed respiratory distress syndrome was placed on mechanical ventilation for several weeks.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
diagnosis of pericardial effusion begins to experience severe tachycardia. Upon assessment the nurse finds that his central venous pressure is increased, he has jugular vein distention, his systolic blood pressure has dropped, and there is a narrow pulse pressure. His heart sounds appear to be very muffled.
Cardiac tamponade
The nurse is caring for a client who has just experienced an acute myocardial infarction and is diagnosed with "pump failure." The nurse is aware that the client is experiencing which type of shock?
Cardiogenic
client has clubbing of the fingertips. Which is the best intervention?
Check the patient's O2 saturation level.
diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Which of the following symptoms would most likely be present?
Chest pain and dyspnea
Which of the following most likely had the greatest impact on development of the lung cancer?
Cigarette smoke
client in shock for complications of acute renal failure. The most important assessment for the nurse to obtain would be:
Continuous measurement of urine output
developing a plan of care for a client with heart failure. The most important information for the nurse to consider would be:
Decreased cardiac output
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) received fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase. Which of the following manifestations alerts the nurse to a developing complication?
Decreased level of consciousness
ension pneumothorax would be suspected in which of the following physical assessment findings?
Deviated trachea
medication regimens is most suggestive that the patient has a diagnosis of heart failure?
Diuretic, ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker
g infected with coccidioidomycosis and has been admitted to the hospital with fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, and skin lesions.
Do you work in construction and dig soil?
after fainting at a memorial service and she is diagnosed as being in neurogenic shock. Which of the following signs and symptoms is she most likely to display?
Dry and warm skin
may be developing left heart failure. Manifestations of left heart failure would include which of the following symptoms?
Dyspnea, cough
A nurse assesses a patient with normal biomarkers who reports angina. Which of the following additional manifestations are late signs of aortic stenosis?
Dyspnea,Peripheral cyanosis, syncope
"
Elevated creatine kinase and troponin, both of which normally exist intracellularly rather than in circulation.
Which of the following statements provides blood work results and rationale that would be most closely associated with acute coronary syndrome?
Elevated creatine kinase and troponin, both of which normally exist intracellularly rather than in circulation.
primary physiologic result of obstructive shock?
Elevated right heart pressure
child is having trouble breathing. The child is rushed to the emergency department. Upon assessment, the child appears pale, toxic, and lethargic and assumes a distinctive position—sitting up with the mouth open and the chin thrust forward. The parent states that the child just developed a sore throat and fever today. The health care provider determines that the child is experiencing:
Epiglottitis
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) should be assessed for reperfusion therapy as quickly as possible. Reperfusion therapy includes which of the following?
Fibrinolytic therapy,Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
he health care provider suspects a newly admitted client may have a hemothorax. The client most likely experienced:
Fractured or dislocated ribs
dilated cardiomyopathy asks the nurse what caused the conditio
Genetic abnormalities
best captures an aspect of peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Her diagnosis might be attributable to a disordered immune response, nutritional factors, or infectious processes.
leading cause of death in the United States
Heart disease
What is the most important factor in myocardial oxygen demand?
Heart rate
major risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) with a client
History of cigarette smoking and elevated blood pressure (elevated LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, abdominal obesity, and physical inactivity)
ft player to ER afer collapsing, unconsious and ECG was abnormal, he died after arresting in ER
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most common cause of sudden cardiac deat in young athletes.)
Increased cardiac workload with left heart failure can result in which of the following change to the myocardial cells?
Hypertrophy
endured a severe head injury. Which of the following statements best captures expected clinical manifestations and treatments for his immediate condition?
Hypoventilation may exist, resulting in increased PCO2 and hypoxemia that may require mechanical ventilation.
A 20-year-old college student has a pelvic fracture and a severed leg from a motorcycle accident. She lost several units of blood. When the student arrived in the emergency department, her blood pressure was very low, her pulse was high, and her skin was pale. The nurse knows that this patient has developed which of the following types of shock?
Hypovolemic
diagnosed with congestive heart failure has an arterial blood oxygen level (PaO2) of 89%. Which of the following terms should the nurse use to document a reduced oxygenation of arterial blood?
Hypoxemia
ronary artery disease (CAD) is heart disease caused by which of the following?
Impaired coronary blood flow
a plan of care for a client diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary treatment goal would be:
Improving quality of life by relieving symptoms
infection of the inner surface of the heart. He is also told that the bacteria has invaded his heart valves. What term is used
Infective endocarditis
client who states he felt fine all day and then within five minutes, began to feel extremely weak and tired and began having a fever.
Influenza
A client asks the nurse if it is possible to contract influenza by being exposed to wound secretions. On what knowledge should the nurse base her response to the client?
Influenza transmission occurs by inhalation of droplet nuclei.
experiencing hypovolemic shock following a fight in which his carotid artery was cut with a broken bottle. What immediate treatments are likely to most benefit the man?
Infusion of normal saline or Ringer's lactate to maintain the vascular space.
diagnosed with a tension pneumothorax. The priority intervention would be:
Insertion of a large-bore needle or chest tube
Following a ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI), the nurse should be assessing the patient for which of the following complications?
Large amount of pink, frothy sputum and new onset of murmur. Frequent ventricular arrhythmia unrelieved with Amiodarone drip. Complaints of facial numbness and tingling.Tachypnea with respiratory distress
Anaphylactic shock is the most severe form of systemic allergic reaction. Immunologically medicated substances are released into the blood, causing vasodilation and an increase in capillary permeability. What physiologic response often accompanies the vascular response in anaphylaxis?
Laryngeal edema
most heart attacks (approximately 40 to 50 percent) affect which of the following coronary arteries?
Left anterior descending artery
A 30-year-old male brought to the emergency department has the following admission data: Blood pressure 50/30, pulse 100, respiratory rate 12, temperature 101°F. The nurse does not know the exact cause but does know that patient is in shock because of which of the following readings?
Low blood pressure
A nurse educator on a geriatric medicine unit of a hospital is teaching a group of new graduates specific assessment criteria related to heart failure. Which of the following assessment criteria should the nurses prioritize in their practice?
Measurement of urine output and mental status assessment
What is the most frequent form of tuberculosis that the nurse should focus on?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A patient has developed cardiogenic shock. The most frequent cause of this type of shock is which of the following?
Myocardial infarction
A client hospitalized for 72 hours has developed symptoms of a lower respiratory tract infection. Sputum cultures reveal S. aureus as the infectious organism
Nosocomial hospital-acquired infection
A client who developed a deep vein thrombosis during a prolonged period of bed rest has deteriorated as the clot has dislodged and resulted in a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following types of shock is this client at risk of experiencing?
Obstructive shock
severe mitral valve stenosis.
Orthopnea
Five hours after presenting to the emergency department with substernal chest pain, a patient's laboratory results demonstrate that troponin I is elevated and the creatine kinase-myoglobin (CK-MB) levels are within normal range. Which of the following is the nurse's interpretation of these results?
Patient is currently experiencing an MI.
Which patient should be seen first as the nurse starts the shift?
Patient with new onset unstable angina who is scheduled for a cardiac catheterization at 2 pm
exhibiting signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure. Upon X-ray it is determined that he has 250ML of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Which disease should the nurse suspect this client to be suffering?
Pericardial effusion
The nurse working on the cardiac floor identifies which of the following to be the initial treatment of choice for small pericardial effusions and mild cardiac tamponade?
Pericardiocentesis
diagnosed with right heart failure. Which of the following manifestations exhibited by the father does the nurse know might have preceded this diagnosis?
Peripheral edema weight gain
ymptomatic patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) would be administering a medication to block the effects of catecholamines
Propranolol, a β-Adrenergic blocker.
assess the oxygen status of a client who is suddenly experiencing shortness of breath. The most appropriate noninvasive measurement techniques
Pulse oximetry
elderly female client reveals the presence of bilateral pitting edema of feet,ankles, pedal pulses that are difficult to palpate. Auscultation of lungs reveals clear air entry to bases, and the client's oxygen saturation level is 93%, and vital signs are within reference ranges. What is this client's most likely health problem?
Right-sided heart failure
college student being treated for a kidney infection developed a temperature of 104ºF in spite of treatment with antibiotics. Her pulse was high, her blood pressure was low, and her skin was hot, dry, and flushed. The nurse knows that this patient most likely is experiencing which of the following types of shock?
Septic
A patient in the intensive care unit has a blood pressure of 87/39 and has warm, flushed skin accompanying his sudden decline in level of consciousness. The patient also has arterial and venous dilatation and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. What is this client's most likely diagnosis?
Septic shock
A child is brought to the emergency department struggling to breathe with a prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. Assessment revealed the use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, audible wheezing sound, moist skin, and tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Severe asthma attack
nfective endocarditis. Select the most likely cause of infection.
Staphylococcus aureus
bacterial pneumonia and is admitted to the hospital. The nurse obtains sputum cultures upon admission.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
feverish with flushed, moist skin; dehydrated with dry lips/mucous membranes; fatigued. The assessment reveals a loud murmur. An echocardiogram was order that shows a large vegetation growing on their mitral valve.The nurse assessing possible life-threatening complication?
Systemic emboli, especially to brain.
patients is at the greatest risk of developing rheumatic heart disease?
Teenager with untreated strep throat
The nursing instructor is teaching the students about rheumatic fever. She tells the students that it is an important cause of heart disease and is very serious mainly for which reason?
The disabling effects that result from involvement of heart valves
why he is having these signs and symptoms of left-sided failure. Which of the following explanations will the nurse give the patient?
The left ventricle is having problems pumping blood forward, and this is causing blood to back up into your lungs.
A client presents to the physician's office with a chronic cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing that has gotten progressively worse, with recent episodes of hemoptysis.
The lesion has eroded blood vessels in the lungs.
Emergency Medical Technicians respond to a call to find an 80-year-old man who is showing signs and symptoms of severe shock. Which of the following phenomena is most likely taking place?
The man's α and β adrenergic receptors have been activated resulting in vasoconstriction and increased heart rate.
dx infective endocarditits, what caused it?
The most common cause is a staph infection.
diagnosed today with pneumococcal pneumonia.
The patient will have a cough producing clear sputum, and he will have faint breath sounds and fine crackles.
clinic with a cough, fever, and chest discomfort and is diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. What education does the nurse anticipate providing prior to discharging the client from the clinic?
The use of antibiotics
aortic stenosis
The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta.
developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The nurse knows that which statements regarding DIC are true?
Thrombotic occlusion occurs in small and midsized blood vessels.Bleeding may accompany coagulation.Generation of thrombin increases.Endogenous anticoagulation mechanisms are suppressed.
circulatory shock, the adrenergic (or sympathetic) nervous system is activated. The nurse knows that stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors will result in which responses?
Vasodilation of the skeletal muscle vascular bed,Dilation of the bronchioles
66-year-old obese man with diagnoses of ischemic heart disease has been diagnosed with heart failure that his care team has characterized as attributable to systolic dysfunction. Which of the following assessment findings is inconsistent with his diagnosis?
Ventricular dilation and wall tension are significantly lower than normal.
diagnoses of ischemic heart disease has been diagnosed with heart failure that his care team has characterized as attributable to systolic dysfunction. Which of the following assessment findings is inconsistent with his diagnosis?
Ventricular dilation and wall tension are significantly lower than normal.
A patient with an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) receives a coronary stent in the obstructed vessel.
Watch for bleeding at the catheter insertion site.
A patient is diagnosed with right-sided heart failure. The nurse knows that a frequent sign of this type of failure is peripheral edema, evidenced by which of the following?
Weight gain
Infective endocarditis
a serious and potentially life-threatening infection of the inner surface of the heart.
In pulmonary edema
air mixing with red blood cells and albumin, which have leaked into the alveoli, produces frothy blood-tinged sputum. Air moving through the fluid in the lungs causes crackles. The pulse is rapid, as the sympathetic nervous system tries to compensate for poor oxygenation of blood. Confusion arises as the brain receives inadequate oxygenation. The skin is cool, as perfusion of cutaneous capillaries declines.
which of the following influence the blood flow in the coronary vessels that supply the myocardium?
aortic pressure, the autoregulatory mechanisms, and compression of the intramyocardial vessels b
Distributive or vasodilatory shock
characterized by loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement of the peripheral vascular compartment, and displacement of the vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation.
The pathophysiology of heart failure involves an interaction between decreased pumping ability and the ________ to maintain cardiac output.
compensatory mechanisms
following consequences of cardiogenic shock will the nurse monitor
decrease stroke volume, decrease cadiac output, increased afterloading
care provider has determined that a client diagnosed with cardiogenic shock will now require treatment with the intra-aortic balloon pump. The expected effect of the treatment is:
decreased afterload.
Neurogenic shock
decreased sympathetic control of blood vessel tone due to a defect in the vasomotor center in the brain stem or the sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels.
developed community-acquired pneumonia and is being treated at home. What does the nurse recognize are the methods in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia
depends on age, coexisting health problems, and the severity of illness.
CHAP 19
disorders of cardiac function
diagnosed with heart failure. Which of the following types of drugs is to be used to manage this disorder
diuretics, dgitalis, beta adrenergic blockers, angiotensin-converting enxyme inhibitors (ACE1)
Septic shock
e most common type of distributive shock, is associated with the systemic immune response to severe infection
The nurse will monitor which of the following respiratory manifestations of heart failure?
exertional dyspnea, orthopnea (SOB while lying down) , Cheye-Stokes respiration, chronic dry cough
Acute pulmonary edema often occurs with heart failure. Which of the following signs of acute pulmonary edema should be monitored
frothy blood-tinges sputum, respiratory cracles, cofusion, rapid pulse
urse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right-sided.
has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.
Myocardial infarction
heart attack
cardiomyopathy
heart disorder that is confined to the myocardium and can sometimes represent myocardial changes that occur with a variety of systemic disorder
chap 20
heart failure and cirulatory shock
Which of the following statements regarding heart failure are true? Select all that apply
in uncompenstated left heart failure= pulmonary congestion and edema. In compenstated heart failure, cardiac output is normal. In uncompensated right heart failure= peripheral venous congestion and edema
Obstructive shock
inability of the heart to fill or empty properly.
in heart failure, the increase in renal secretion of renin is caused by?
increased metabolic demand
progressed to late-stage heart failure is experiencing sympathetic stimulation. The nurse would assess the client for:
increased oxgen demand, vasoocontriction, arrthymias
Anaphylactic shock
is initiated through an immunologically mediated reaction to an irritant.
Distributive shock
loss of blood vessel tone, resulting in expansion of the vascular compartment.
cardiac tamponade
low bp, narrow pulse pressure,muffled heart tones
Heart failure can have which of the following consequences?
low cardiac out put, pulmonary congestion, systemic congestion,
symptoms of ACS (acute coronary syndrome). Select the most important interventions that should be implemented.
morphine, ECG monitoring, Oxygen, nitrates, B-adrenergic blockering agents
which of the following medications for a patient in cardiogenic shock?
nitroprusside (Nitropess), Nitroglycerin, Dobutamine (Dobutrex), Milrione (Primacor)
Cardiogenic shock
occurs when the heart loses its ability to pump sufficient blood to meet oxygenation needs of body tissues.
Hypovolemic shock
occurs when there has been extensive blood or body fluid loss.
factors that affect stroke volume include which of the following?
preload, myocardial contractility, afterload
Pericardial effusion can lead to a condition called cardiac tamponade in which there is compression of the heart. It can be life-threatening and symptoms include
tachycardia, elevated central venous pressure, jugular vein distention, fall in systolic blood pressure with narrowed pulse pressure.
Hypovolemic shock is characterized by a loss of blood volume or extracellular fluid. Administering which of the following would manage a patient with hypovolemic shock?
whole blood, Packed red cells, plasma volume expanders, crstalloids
10-year-old male is experiencing an acute exacerbation of his asthma. The most appropriate treatment for this client would be:
β-adrenergic agonist
A client comes to the emergency room with complaints of chest pain. When the nurse reads his ECG she sees changes which include T-wave inversion, ST-segment elevation, and an abnormal Q wave. What should she suspect?
• Acute myocardial infarction