chap 22 respiratory
•Residual Volume (RV)
- means left over voulme that you cant use Keep alvoil from collapsing
Relative solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli vs. capillaries (big or small difference? What direction?)
02 has low soulbuilty low push C02 has high solbuility high push
Distinguish conduction zone from respiratory zone Conduction
1.Respiratory zone •Gas exchange! respiration Loc aveoli sacs 2.Conducting zone Channels air and removes pathogens Mostly used mostly upper res tract Removes debris and warms the air and humidfies
Functions of the respiratory system
2. Functions of the respiratory system •Provide O2 for cellular respiration •Remove CO2 waste most important!!! •Assist in acid/base balance •Smell •Speech •Straining •childbirth, coughing
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
The bronchioles react to irritants or cold air by __________ which ________ resistance (difficulty of air movement).
Bronchoconstriction, increases
Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?
CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2
Which correctly orders atmospheric gasses from most to least?
CO2, O2, H2O, N2
Breathing rate is primarily affected by _______ levels. And increase causes rate to ___________.
CO2, increase
residual volume
D Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation eserve volume? is c
hich muscles are involved in normal quiet inspiration of air
DIAPHRAM AND externalcoastals
T OR F ) the largest amount of oxygen is transported in the bloodstream dissolved in the plasma.
F
T OR F Decreased pH results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
FALSE
T OR F Typically only a small percentage of hemoglobin in the blood is oxygenated.
FALSE
oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is higher (more basic).
False
IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)
Force inspiratory (air take in)
Which cells of the respiratory epithelium secrete mucus?
Goblet cells
17. Composition of air (greatest to smallest relative amounts)
Greatest nitrogen, oxygen water co2
External respiration (alveoli & capillaries):
Happenes at respitory membran
Gas moves from ____ pressure to _______ pressure
High, low
Effects of partial pressure of oxygen on bronchiole and arteriole diameters
Homeostatic imbalances •Dissolved Carbon Dioxide •20x more soluble than O2 •Still not all that soluble •7-10% remains free in plasma •Easy diffusion across respiratory membrane for exhalation •More dissolves into blood as free CO2 is removed •Bicarbonate Buffer •CO2 bound to RBC hemoglobin •CO2 bound to hemoglobin •~20% of CO2 •Binds to protein (globin) part of hemoglobin •Called carbaminohemoglobin when bound •CO2 + Hb <--> HbCO2 •Deoxygenated blood has a bluish-purple tone
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) _____ in pressure
Increase in
Major muscles involved in respiration (external and internal intercostals and diaphragm) and actions of these during inspiration and expiration
Inhale and intercoastal and diaphram Exhale -intercostals
Which value explains why nitrogen mostly doesn't enter the blood?
It doesnt beacuse its not soulbe Sucba divers can push it into the blood
As blood pH increases, the curve shifts ________ and _____ oxygen dissociates.
Left, less
14. Main 2 brain regions that control respiratory rate & depth
Medulla oblongata •Pons
Review: structure of hemoglobin & RBCs in relationship to O2 and CO2 transport 22.Where is most of the oxygen transported in the blood? How does this relate to oxygen's solubility?
Most 02 is transported on heme It realtes to soulbity by
Which structures swell to warm & humidify incoming air? Your nostrals or nasal cavity
Nasal choncae
. Response to CO2, O2, & H (rate up or down?) a.Which is most important?
O2 is mostly bound by hemoglobin & released as free levels drop Chemorecptors Co2 is most portant! Its good source thats whats happening in the blood
. Lung response to parasympathetic & sympathetic stimulation (constrict/dilate, rate up/down)
Parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchoconstriction down •Sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation up
Which of the following play a role in the O2-Hb dissociation curve?
Partial pressure temp and ph
Movement of gas into a liquid is directly proportional to:
Partial pressure & solubility
. Relative partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli vs. capillaries (big or small difference? What direction?)
Partial pressure of 02 has lots in alveoili and bg preussure in capilaires Not alot c02 in air or cap so small pressure pushing out
What does it mean that expiration is usually passive?
Passive response no muscles used If you want to use force -internal intercoastls will be used •Largely passive (muscles relax, no energy needed) •Air moves out
When ventilation is not sufficient, when your lung is collapsed what occurs?
Pulmonary arteriole constrict because if you have broken lung it will not send blood near that lung to try to keep things equal
Effects of partial pressure of oxygen on bronchiole and arteriole diameter
Pulmonary bronchioles: •Bronchodilate when pressure of CO2 in lungs increases or O2 in blood drops •Bronchoconstrict when pressure of CO2 in lungs drops or O2 in blood increases
Sympathetic nervous stimulation _____ breathing rate and ______ bronchioles.
Raises, dilates
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
Remove pathogens and debris
Which prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
Residual volume
Purpose and source of surfactant found in lungs
Surfactant - soap hydophibic and philic Purpose break up surface tension of moisture tension coming into the lungs Breaks surface tenison so it doesnt stick What makes these? Type 2 alveolar The alveoli will stick close if surfactant is not good
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of bicarbonate. True or false
T
e largest amount of oxygen is transported in the bloodstream bound to hemoglobin.
TRUE
TV
The amount that you breath in and out Forful -extra muscles involved
Distinguish ventilation from perfusion. Which diameters regulate them, respectively?
Ventilation - movement of air in and out of lungs •Perfusion - flow of blood in capillary beds
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of 2 layers, the _______
Visceral and parietal
Explain the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (e.g., how is negative feedback used to determine whether oxygen is bound to RBCs or dissolved in plasma?)
When you have lots of 02 and you load it up and wheres there not enough 02 wwe drop it off and vise versa with c02
During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______.
constricted, dilate
True of false Typically only a small percentage of hemoglobin in the blood is oxygenated
false
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
inspiration
iaphragmdoes most of the work •Phrenic nerves cause it to contract & flatten •External intercostals also contract •Elevate & expand ribcage
If the pulmonary arterioles dilate, perfusion of the capillaries __________
increases
Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called:
internal respiration ( just to remember external gas exchang-is just normal gas exchange in the lungs)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
keep breathing out more then normal Forcful amount you can forcefully exhale BEYOND tidal volume
the pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure then gas will
move from higher pressure to lower pressure and cause inspiration
n the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
nspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
ou can have more air then erv •amount you can forcefully inhale BEYOND tidal volume
Describe alveoli/respiratory membrane
pithelial squamous cells, basement membrane, capillary squamous cell •Distance air must travel •Surrounded by capilepithlaries •Respiratory membrane = •epithelial squamous cell •basement membrane aveoli - respitory membreane Makes up most of alevoi - simple sqamous ( good for diffusion) Cappilires made of -simple squamous endothieal Epithiem- conductiong Membrane - gas exhange takes place where 02 and c02 have t cross Respitory zone
Dalton's law—
pressure of gases; and Henry's law—effect of gas solubility and partial pressure on diffusion into a liquid. •Dalton's law: pressures are additive •partial pressure (Px) of each gas adds up to total pressure To refer to each gas independently How much gas is present Partial pressure adds up to what
. Dalton's law—additive pressure of gases; and Henry's law—effect of gas solubility and partial pressure on diffusion into a liquid.
pressures are additive •partial pressure (Px) of each gas adds up to total pressure a.Effects of partial pressure of oxygen on bronchiole and arteriole diameter
n order to decrease perfusion:
pulmonary arterioles would constrict
in order to increase perfusion
pulmonary arterioles would dilate
Which tissue contains mucus producing goblet cells?
respiratory epithelium
ontraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?
ribs and sternum move upwards
NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?
single layer of smooth muscle cells
. Know where internal respiration occurs and that it is driven by partial pressures in the oppobreathingsite direction of external respiration.
t occurs in body tissues and capiliaries ( internal resp) exchange of gases
During internal respiration CO2 moves from _____ to _______
tissue, capillaries
ich of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
ventilation
Boyle's law-- relationship between pressure and volume
•Boyle's law: decrease in gas volume increases gas pressure When pressure goes up voulme goes down Irrvesable •Gas moves from high p to low p
Using the above, be able to describe why oxygen and CO2 each cross the respiratory membrane.
•CO2 has a smaller difference in partial pressure but a HIGH solubility in both blood and pulmonary fluids à moves into alveoli •The relative concentrations of O2 and CO2 that diffuse across the respiratory membrane are similar
5. Describe respiratory epithelium & ciliary escalator
•Conchae meatuses & paranasal sinuses lined by respiratory epithelium •Pseudostratified columnar epithelium- With goblet and cilla
10. Role of pleura & fluid
•Lungs enclosed by pleura(moist serous membrane sacs) Helps the diaphram stick to it Limints infections so it makes comparments Serous makes serum Plura- plural sacs Plura membrane Touches the organ-viseral plura (inside Peratial -on the wall (outside) •Visceral - lines lung •Cavity - filled w/ fluid in the middle •Parietal - forms outer wal Fxs -cushioning and fluids will luberictae Produce plerual fluid Fluid alsho helps adhesion so it can stick to diaphram ans ribs so we can infalte the lungs to strach the space It also slows the spread of infection beacse it wrapped around its self
What causes brachioconstriction?
•Parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchoconstriction Inflamtion Irrtants(pepper spary and cold air •Sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation Mechanisms of Breathing
Lung response to parasympathetic & sympathetic stimulation (constrict/dilate, rate up/down)
•Parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchoconstriction down Breathing down •Sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation breathing up
2) Expiration
•Passive process (muscles relax) Ribcage will be ised •Driven by natural elasticity of ribcage, lungs & tendons
13. Distinguish b/w quiet & forced breathing.
•Quiet breathing - •Occurs at rest •Automatic, no thought required •Diaphragm & external intercostals •Forced breathing- •"hyperpnea" •"pnea" = breath •Occurs during exercise and breathing-related activities such as singing •More muscles used •Inspiration AND exhalation use muscle contractions
Asthma, Sleep apnea, COPD
•Type 1 Hypersensitivity Allgeries, small particles in lungs •Inflammation & edema of the airwa
