Chap 25 A&P
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as A: gout. B: lupus. C: anorexia nervosa. D: rheumatoid arthritis. E: ketosis.
A
About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as __________. A: heat B: perspiration C: urine D: feces
A
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that A: lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. B: it occurs in the mitochondria. C: it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. D: it yields large amounts of ATP. E: fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments.
A
During starvation, A: muscle proteins are used as an energy source. B: gluconeogenesis ceases. C: there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. D: carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds. E: carbohydrate utilization increases.
A
Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA. A: gluconeogenesis B: cellular respiration C: glycogenesis D: glycemia E: glycolysis
A
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids. A: essential B: oxidative C: vital D: metabolic E: non-metabolic
A
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of A: vitamin A. B: vitamin B12. C: vitamin C. D: niacin. E: riboflavin.
A
Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called A: low-density lipoproteins. B: intermediate-density lipoproteins. C: chylomicrons. D: very-low-density lipoproteins. E: high-density lipoproteins.
A
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is A: zinc. B: cobalt. C: iron. D: iodine. E: selenium.
A
The major anion in body fluids is A: chloride. B: iodide. C: sulfate. D: bicarbonate.
A
The process of glycogen formation is known as A: glycogenesis. B: gluconeogenesis. C: cellular respiration. D: glycolysis. E: glycemia.
A
The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as A: carbohydrate loading. B: overeating. C: glycolysis reaction. D: carbohydrate craving. E: the Atkins diet.
A
The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is A: copper. B: zinc. C: cobalt. D: iodine. E: silicon.
A
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A: A. B: B. C: C. D: D. E: E.
A
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is A: thiamine. B: riboflavin. C: niacin. D: folic acid (folate). E: cobalamin.
A
What is the basis for the unfortunate labeling of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) as "bad"? A: During transit, cholesterol transported by LDLs to peripheral tissues may contribute to atherosclerosis. B: LDLs limit the amount of cholesterol available for beta oxidation and subsequent ATP production. C: LDLs transport dietary fats for absorption into the bloodstream. D: All of the listed statements provide a basis for why LDLs are labeled "bad."
A
What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? A: 60 B: 50 C: 20 D: 40 E: 30
A
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? A: glucose B: ATP C: water D: O2
A
Which of these statements is NOT true about beta-oxidation? A: Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules. B: It takes place in mitochondria. C: It yields large amounts of ATP. D: Two-carbon fragments are formed.
A
Which statement describes glycolysis? A: This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B: This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. C: This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D: This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. E: This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
A
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ________ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, or amino acids. A: glycogen B: glycerides C: glucagon D: glucose
D
Which of the following processes represent(s) catabolism? A: contraction B: intracellular transport C: endocytosis D: All of these are catabolic processes.
D
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A: citric acid cycle B: ATP production by ATP synthase C: acetyl CoA formation D: glycolysis E: electron transport chain
D
Which of these is NOT likely to occur during the postabsorptive state? A: Blood glucose levels fall. B: Gluconeogenesis begins. C: Beta-oxidation increases. D: The liver produces more glycogen
D
Which of these provides the greatest yield of ATP? A: NADH from glycolysis B: FADH2 from the citric acid cycle C: substrate-level phosphorylation D: NADH from the citric acid cycle
D
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? A: This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. B: This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. C: This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D: This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. E: This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
D
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? A: This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B: This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. C: This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D: This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. E: This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
D
While alcohol forms a regular component on the dinner table of many individuals, alcohol is not featured as a contributor to a balanced diet according to the US government's "ChooseMyPlate plan" recommendations. Instead, a balanced diet should include what? A: adequate quantities of nutrients B: adequate qualities of nutrients C: adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals D: All of the listed responses constitute a balanced diet.
D
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? A: 2 ATP B: 63 ATP C: 32 ATP D: 500 ATP E: 36 ATP
E
Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system? A: 1 ATP B: 4 ATP C: 3 ATP D: 32 ATP E: 2 ATP
E
In the electron transport chain, A: oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. B: generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. C: reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. D: NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. E: All of the answers are correct.
E
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it A: is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. B: is a lipid component of all cell membranes. C: helps waterproof the epidermis. D: is a key constituent of bile. E: All of the answers are correct.
E
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? A: A B: E C: folic acid D: C E: All of the answers are correct.
E
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during A: glycolysis. B: the formation of water. C: electron transport. D: the formation of pyruvic acid. E: the citric acid cycle.
E
The end products of aerobic respiration are A: oxygen and water. B: pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. C: NADH and FADH2. D: carbon dioxide and alcohol. E: carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
E
The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is A; ketosis. B: marasmus. C: kwashiorkor. D: acidosis. E: phenylketonuria.
E
The major cation in cytoplasm is A: iron. B: sodium. C: magnesium. D: calcium. E: potassium.
E
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as A: ketosis. B: hematuria. C: polyuria. D: uremia. E: ketonuria.
E
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A: A. B: B. C: E. D: C. E: K.
E
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin A: A. B: B. C: C. D: D. E: E.
E
What is the role of NADH in metabolism? A: convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA B: produce carbon dioxide C: produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer D: phosphorylate ADP into ATP E: transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes
E
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? A: structural maintenance B: store nutrients C: growth and repair D: produce secretions E: All of the answers are correct.
E What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? 60 50 20 40 30
A balanced diet contains all the ingredients needed to maintain homeostasis. Many important compounds in the body contain nitrogen atoms (N compounds), including amino acids, the bases of RNA and DNA, creatine, and porphyrins. Despite the importance of nitrogen, the body neither stores nitrogen nor maintains reserves of N compounds. The body can synthesize the carbon chains of the N compounds but must obtain nitrogen atoms either by recycling N compounds or by absorbing nitrogen from the diet. Pregnant or lactating women like Justine actively synthesize N compounds. When an individual absorbs more nitrogen than he or she excretes, he or she is said to be in what state? A: nitrogen balance B: positive nitrogen balance C: hypervitaminosis D: negative nitrogen balance
B
Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and A: marasmus. B: bulimia. C: pyrexia. D: beriberi. E: ketosis.
B
Glycolysis yields two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following statements best describes what next happens to pyruvate? A: Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A and becomes acetyl-CoA. B: In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion. C: Pyruvate leaves the cell by exocytosis and enters the interstitial fluid. D: Pyruvate is used by the cell as a form of energy.
B
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? A: 38 B: 2 C: 4 D: 30 E: 36
B
Lipids A: are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. B: provide energy for cells with modest energy demands. C: deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. D: are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells. E: yield quick bursts of energy.
B
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces A: ketone bodies. B: urea. C: water. D: nitrate. E: acetyl-CoA.
B
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A: anabolism. B: metabolism. C: catabolism. D: glycolysis. E: oxidative phosphorylation.
B
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is A: pyridoxine (B6). B: pantothenic acid. C: riboflavin. D: niacin. E: folic acid (folate).
B
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD is A: thiamine. B: riboflavin. C: niacin. D: folic acid (folate). E: cobalamin.
B
Urea is formed in the A: large intestine. B: liver. C: stomach. D: kidneys. E: small intestine.
B
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? A: C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy B: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 D: 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 E: C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy
B
What is the function of the urea cycle? A: produce urea to be used in the citric acid cycle B: reduce the concentration of ammonia C: recycle amino acids for protein synthesis D: deaminate amino acids
B
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? A: glucose B: ATP C: water D: O2
B
Which of these is NOT required for glycolysis? A: glucose B: pyruvic acid C: inorganic phosphate D: ATP
B
Which of the following statements describe the absorptive state? Choose all correct answers. A: Amino acids are being used to supply the mitochondria with Acetyl-CoA. B: Triglyceride levels are high in the blood stream. C: Blood sugar is high. D: Glucagon is the primary metabolic hormone. E: Lipid catabolism is high.
B & C
A balanced diet is important to provide the body with all the necessary nutrients to ensure physiological functioning. What is the name of the process where new organic molecules are synthesized? A: catabolism B: aerobic metabolism C: anabolism D: metabolism
C
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A: sodium. B: magnesium. C: calcium. D: potassium. E: selenium.
C
A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A: thiamine. B: niacin. C: pyridoxine (B6). D: folic acid (folate). E: riboflavin.
C
Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and ensure physiological functioning. Justine's diet is lacking vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin. What are the other fat-soluble vitamins? A: riboflavin and biotin B: vitamins B5, B6, and folic acid C: vitamins D, E, and K D: vitamins C and B1
C
By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, based on the formula: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5), which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels? A: increasing triglyceride levels B: reducing triglyceride levels C: reducing cholesterol levels D: reducing HDL levels
C
Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except A: glycerol. B: some amino acids. C: acetyl-CoA. D: pyruvate. E: lactate.
C
Hypervitaminosis is a serious health threat associated with excessive amounts of ingested fat-soluble vitamins. Why do water-soluble vitamins not commonly pose the same threat? A: All water-soluble vitamins are more readily stored to ensure a steady supply when dietary intake is insufficient. B: Water-soluble vitamins bind with intrinsic factor, which allows for rapid excretion through the urinary system. C: Water-soluble vitamins are not absorbed and stored within adipocytes. D: Water-soluble vitamins bond more strongly with micelles for better absorption into the blood stream.
C
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? A: ADP B: NAD C: acetyl-CoA D: glucose E: ATP
C
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. A: ADP B: the acetyl group C: a coenzyme D: NAD E: a hydrogen ion
C
In which of the following is excess cholesterol from body cells carried? A: very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) B: chylomicrons C: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) D: low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
C
Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except A: amino acids. B: porphyrin. C: oxaloacetate. D: creatine. E: purines.
C
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. A: citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA B: acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis C: glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain D: electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA E: glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain
C
Terry has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Recently, she was found comatose and hospitalized. Later she was diagnosed with ketoacidosis. Which of the following best describes how these conditions are related? A: The lack of nutrients characteristic of anorexia nervosa caused a pathological drop in blood glucose levels. Lack of glucose to the neural tissue induced both coma and increased ketone body production. B: She was severally underweight. Due to this, her liver not producing enough glycogen to meet her energy needs. So her system went into anaerobic shock resulting in ketone body build-up in the kidneys. C: The anorexia nervosa induced a starvation condition in Terry. In turn, this starvation caused an increase in ketone bodies in the blood. Ketone body accumulation caused acidification dropping the pH too low, resulting in coma. D: Anorexia nervosa is closely associated with excessive exercise. Due to this, Terry had no glucose reserves in her skeletal muscles. This caused a drop in ATP production and compromised the citric acid cycle, leading to ketoacidosis.
C
The amino group that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. A: ammonium ion B: nitric oxide C: urea D: ketone bodies
C
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because A: ADP is phosphorylated. B: FADH2 is produced. C: oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. D: citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. E: NAH+ is converted into NADH.
C
The citric acid cycle occurs in the A: golgi apparatus. B: ribosome. C: mitochondrial matrix. D: cytosol. E: mitochondrial intermembrane space.
C
The function of the citric acid cycle is to A: produce water. B: transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate. C: remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. D: produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. E: hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules.
C
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called A: glycolysis. B: glycemia. C: gluconeogenesis. D: cellular respiration. E: glycogenesis.
C
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is A: vitamin C. B: pyridoxine (B6). C: folic acid (folate). D: pantothenic acid. E: vitamin K.
C
The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is A: thiamine. B: riboflavin. C: niacin. D: folic acid (folate). E: cobalamin.
C
What exactly is the link between the extra glycogen associated with carbohydrate loading and enhanced performance in endurance sports? A: The extra glycogen is used during beta oxidation, which is a series of chemical reactions resulting in the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, which is essential to start the citric acid cycle of aerobic cellular respiration. B: The extra glycogen undergoes the process of deamination, which is the first step in the breakdown of the carbon chains needed for ATP synthesis. C: The extra glycogen serves as a reservoir for glucose, which serves as the main fuel molecule for increased cellular respiration, resulting in more available ATP. D: All of the listed responses explain the link between carbohydrate loading and enhanced performance in endurance sports.
C
What is the original source of all of the CO2 molecules in the process shown in this diagram? A: the pyruvate from the cytoplasm B: the oxygen inhaled C: the glucose, glycerol and amino acids from the diet D: the enzymes of the citric acid cycle
C
Which of the following chemicals builds up in the blood stream as a result of lipid or amino acid metabolism in the liver during the postabsorptive state? Choose the best answer. A: amino Acids B: fatty acids C: ketone bodies D: glycerol
C
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. A: Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) B: Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) C: High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) D: Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) E: Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)
C
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that A: ketone bodies may be formed. B: fat mobilization occurs. C: gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. D: levels of blood glucose are elevated. E: glycogenolysis occurs in the liver.
D
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A: iodide B: bicarbonate C: sulfate D: phosphate E: chloride
D
In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure A: triglyceride level. B: HDL level. C: total cholesterol level. D: total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level. E: triglyceride and monoglyceride levels.
D
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is A: transferred to acetyl-CoA. B: converted to urea. C: absorbed by water. D: transferred to a keto acid. E: converted to ammonia.
D
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? A: Golgi apparatus B: nucleus C: lysosome D: mitochondrion E: chloroplast
D
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. A: A B: B12 C: C D: D E: E
D
Misguided advertising and media reports have generated much confusion regarding lipoproteins and cholesterol. Can you identify the INCORRECT statement below? A: Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) transport triglycerides manufactured by the liver to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. B: High density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport excess cholesterol back to the liver for storage or excretion. C: Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues. D: None of the listed statements is incorrect.
D
Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin A: A. B: B12. C: C. D: B6. E: B9.
D
The condition where the blood pH drops because of ketone bodies in the blood is called __________. A: ketosis B: ketoalkalosis C: ketonemia D: ketoacidosis
D
The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________. A: C B: A C: D D: B-6
D
The major cation in extracellular fluid is A: magnesium. B: iron. C: potassium. D: sodium. E: calcium.
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A: A. B: B. C: C. D: D. E: E.
D
What provides energy required to produce ATP? A: glucose B: ATP C: NADH D: H+ ion gradient
D
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. A: oxidized; reduced B: made; recycled C: phosphorylated; dephosphorylated D: reduced; oxidized E: phosphorylated; deaminated
D
Which hormone drives the most pathways in the absorptive state? Choose the best answer. A: androgens B: estrogens C: growth hormone D: insulin
D
A balanced diet should A: contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. B: contain adequate amounts of water. C: include adequate substrates for the production of energy. D: provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. E: All of the answers are correct.
E
A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is A: calcium. B: potassium. C: zinc. D: sodium. E: magnesium.
E
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is A: calcium. B: zinc. C: cobalt. D: magnesium. E: iron.
E
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that A: proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. B: the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids. C: one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia. D: extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis. E: most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.
E
