chap 6, 7, 19, 20
A nurse's friend states, "I admire you so much. I would love to be a nurse, but I don't think I have the courage." Which response will the nurse make?
"You can work on being more courageous as you learn to be a nurse." Courage is a virtue of nurses that can be learned or strengthened with work. Courage is a quality nurses should possess. Courage is not less important than being intelligent, compassionate, or humble.
While teaching about advance care planning, which fact is important for the nurse to share with a client who has been diagnosed with a terminal illness?
A durable power of attorney for health care appoints an agent the person trusts to make decisions. Advance directives can minimize difficulties by allowing people to state in advance what their choices would be for health care if certain circumstances arise. A durable power of attorney for health care appoints an agent the person trusts to make decisions in the event of subsequent incapacity. Living wills provide specific instructions about the kinds of health care that should be provided or foregone in particular situations. In the United States, the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 requires all hospitals to inform patients about advance directives. Advance directives do not have to be completed prior to hospitalization in order to be valid.
The client being admitted to the oncology unit conveys wishes regarding resuscitation in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest. The nurse advises the client that it would be in the client's best interest to obtain which document?
A living will A living will is an advance directive that specifies the type of medical treatment clients do or do not want to receive should they be unable to speak for themselves in a terminal or otherwise unconscious condition. A will is a legal document detailing how to dispose of one's assets and belongings upon death. Proof of health care power of attorney and a proxy directive are documents identifying another person to legally make health care decisions for the client. In this case the client is stating the client's own decisions in advance of potential incapacitation.
Which nursing student would most likely be held liable for negligence?
A nursing student administers medication to a resident while working as an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) at a local nursing home. The nursing student who administers medication to a resident while working as an unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) at a local nursing home is performing a task outside the scope of the job responsibilities of a UAP. The other options demonstrate legally defensible actions by the nursing student.
Which word is best described as protection and support of another's rights?
Advocacy Advocacy is the protection and support of another's rights. Nurses who value client advocacy make sure their loyalty to an employing institution or colleague does not compromise their primary commitment to the client; give priority to the good of the individual client rather than to the good of society in general; and carefully evaluate the competing claims of the client's autonomy and client well-being. Paternalism is acting for clients without their consent to secure good or prevent harm. Autonomy is respecting the rights of clients or their surrogates to make health care decisions; it is also known as self-determination. Ethics is the formal, systematic inquiry into principles of right and wrong conduct, of virtue and vice, and of good and evil as they relate to conduct and human flourishing.
Which scenario is an example of the laissez-faire approach to value transmission?
Allowing a child to decide not to have an intravenous line inserted A laissez-faire approach to value transmission is one that allows others, especially children, to make decisions without guidance, resulting in a decision that may not be a sound one. Teaching a child about right and wrong behavior is a more active learning strategy, and reflects the moralizing approach to value transmission. Modeling or role modeling is leading (and transmitting values) by example—in this case, not smoking electronic cigarettes to show the teenagers good behavior. Telling the child about the injection feeling like a pinch is not an approach to value transmission.
Which ethical principle is related to the idea of self-determination?
Autonomy Autonomy refers to self-rule, or self-determination; it respects the rights of clients or their surrogates to make healthcare decisions. Beneficence is the duty to do good and the active promotion of benevolent acts. Confidentiality is related to the concept of privacy. Nonmaleficence is the duty not to inflict harm, as well as to prevent and remove harm.
Which example best describes feminist ethics?
An approach critiquing existing patterns of oppression and domination in society Feminist ethics offer an approach critiquing existing patterns of oppression and domination in society, especially as they affect women and the poor. The principle-based approach to ethics combines elements of utilitarian and deontologic theories and offers specific action guidelines for practice. The care-based approach directs attention to the specific situation of individual clients viewed within the context of their life narratives. The formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing describes nursing ethics.
An RN enters a client's room and observes the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) forcefully pushing a client down on the bed. The client starts crying and informs the UAP of the need to go to the bathroom. What action is the RN witnessing that should be immediately reported to the supervisor?
Battery The UAP is engaging in battery, which is an assault that is carried out and includes willful, angry, and violent or negligent touching of another person's body or clothes or anything attached to (or held by) that other person. Assault is a threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without that person's consent. Fraud is willful and purposeful misrepresentation that could cause, or has caused, loss or harm to a person or property. Defamation of character is an intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about another that harm the other party's reputation.
The nurse is providing care to a client who had orthopedic surgery. The nurse has medicated the client for pain. However, the client reports that the pain is unrelieved. The nurse takes no further action regarding assessment and intervention for the client's pain. The nurse does not notify the surgeon regarding the client's pain. The nurse's failure to take further action represents which element of liability in this case?
Breach of duty Breach of duty is the failure to assess, intervene, or notify the health care provider regarding the client's condition. It does not meet the expected standard of care. Duty refers to an obligation to use due care and is defined by the standard of care appropriate for the nurse-client relationship. Causation is when the failure to meet the standard of care caused injury. Damages are the harm or injury to the client.
Which theory of ethics prioritizes the nurse's relationship with clients and the nurse's character in the practice of ethical nursing?
Care-based ethics
Which theory of ethics prioritizes the nurse's relationship with clients and the nurse's character in the practice of ethical nursing?
Care-based ethics Central to the care-based approach to ethics is the nurse's relationships with clients and the nurse's "being," or character and identity. Deontology is the study of the nature of duty and obligation. Utilitarianism is the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority. Principle-based ethics prioritizes goals and principles that exist beyond the particularities of the nurse-client relationship.
A nurse assesses a client with psychotic symptoms and determines that the client needs vest restraints. However, the client asks the nurse not to put on vest restraints. What would be the best nursing action?
Contact the physician and obtain necessary orders. If a nurse feels that a client needs to be restrained, the nurse should inform the physician and obtain necessary orders. The nurse should also discuss this with the client's family members and ask their opinion. The nurse should not sedate the client and then restrain him, as the nurse could be charged with battery if there is restraint without orders. Applying a wrist restraint instead of a vest restraint is like compromising with the client, which is unethical.
Which example most accurately depicts the ethical principle of autonomy?
Describing a surgery to a client before the consent is signed Autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Describing a surgery to a client before a consent is signed provides the client with all of the information needed to make an informed decision and thus an autonomous one. The nurse changing a dressing on a wound does not require the client to make an informed decision, nor does administering a morning dose of insulin or transporting a client.
A client is brought to the emergency department by an adult child, who states, "I am unable to care for my parent anymore. Although I would like to, financially and physically I can't do it anymore." What ethical problem is the adult child experiencing?
Distress Ethical distress is when someone wants to do the right thing but is not able. The adult child brings the parent to the emergency department to maintain the client's safety, although the child needs to take care of the parent. Dilemma is a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones. The client is not experiencing a dilemma. Uncertainty means a feeling of not knowing what will happen. The adult child is certain that he or she cannot care for the parent. Dissatisfaction implies a sense of dislike for, or unhappiness in, one's surroundings. While the adult child is unhappy, this is not the primary ethical problem.
A client states that the client's recent fall was caused by his scheduled antihypertensive medications being mistakenly administered by two different nurses, an event that is disputed by both of the nurses identified by the client. Which measure should the nurses prioritize when anticipating that legal action may follow?
Document the client's claims and the events surrounding the alleged incident. It is imperative for nurses to carefully and accurately document assessment findings and the nursing care that they provide, especially when legal action is anticipated. This thorough and accurate assessment should precede consultation with the legal department, the state board of nursing, and colleagues.
A hospice nurse is caring for a client with terminal cancer. The family would like the client to continue aggressive therapy to treat the cancer, but the client has voiced to the nurse that no further pursuit of treatment is desired. The nurse speaks to the family about the client's wishes, condition, and terminal state. This action is most likely derived from which nursing obligation?
Ethical principles Ethics is a systematic study of principles of right and wrong conduct, virtue and vice, and good and evil as they relate to conduct and human flourishing. In this case, the nurse is practicing the ethical principle of autonomy, which is the client's right to self-determination related to choices about care. The nurse's action is not primarily motivated by legal responsibility, nursing education principles, or advanced practice licensure guidelines.
A nurse is administering evening medications and notices that a medication was omitted during the day shift. Which statement demonstrates the principle of accountability?
Filling out an occurrence report and notifying the healthcare provider Accountability means that when an error occurs, the nurse takes the proper actions to address it. In this instance, the nurse should fill out an occurrence form for follow-up and notify the provider, as the error may change outcomes in the client's condition. Administering the missed medications with the other evening medications may double up the dose or cause unexpected adverse effects with the other medications. Telling the client that the medication will be administered the following day is not acceptable, as the nurse is suggesting next actions without the provider's knowledge. Documenting in the chart in a narrative about the occurrence does not allow for the health care provider to be notified and aware of a change in the client's condition.
A nurse reports to the charge nurse that a client medication due at 9 am was omitted. Which principle is the nurse demonstrating?
Integrity The principle of integrity is based on the honesty of a nurse according to professional standards. In this instance, the nurse reported the occurrence of the missed medication to the charge nurse. The definition of altruism is concern for others; it can best be explained by a nurse concerned about how a client will care for self after discharge. Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society and is related to wealth and distribution of goods in a society. Autonomy is the right to self-determination or acting independently and making decisions.
An HIV-positive client discovers that the client's name is published in a research report on HIV care prepared by the client's nurse. The client is hurt and files a lawsuit against the nurse. Which offense has the nurse committed?
Invasion of privacy The nurse has committed the tort of invasion of privacy. Personal names and identities should be concealed or obliterated in case studies or research work. Invasion of privacy is a type of intentional tort. Defamation is an act in which untrue information harms a person's reputation and is therefore not applicable here. Negligence is the harm that results because a person did not act reasonably.
A nurse is providing care for three clients on a medical unit, two of whom are significantly more acute than the third. The nurse is making a concerted effort to ensure that the less acute client still receives a reasonable amount of time, attention, and care during the course of the shift. Which ethical principle is the nurse attempting to practice?
Justice The ethical principle of justice includes an effort to fairly distribute benefits and to minimize discrimination, even when circumstances make this difficult to achieve. This is demonstrated by the nurse's efforts to fairly distribute the nurse's time and care. Beneficence is the ethical principle of promoting good. Nonmaleficence states that one should not do harm to clients. Fidelity is faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support.
The nursing supervisor is preparing to delegate some aspects of the nursing care plan interventions to other healthcare providers on the unit. Which are the responsibilities of nursing supervisors? Select all that apply.
Knowing the job descriptions and capabilities of each person on the team in depth Assigning to registered nurses rather than nonprofessional staff the practice-pervasive functions of assessment Ensuring that care is delivered accurately and appropriately Nursing supervisors must know the job descriptions and capabilities of each person on the team in depth. Nursing supervisors should not assign tasks to staff according to each member's preference to improve staff moral but rather according to each member's capabilities and scope of practice. Nursing supervisors and other registered nurses may delegate specific aspects of care to nonprofessional staff but must select appropriate nursing care measures for these personnel to perform are held accountable ultimately for the care that is provided. Nursing supervisors and other registered nurses may not delegate the practice-pervasive functions of assessment, planning, diagnosis, evaluation, and nursing judgment to nonprofessional staff (NCSBN, 2005). Nursing supervisors and other registered nurses may delegate technical activities (i.e., feeding, ambulating) or provision of amenities (i.e., hospitality services, including making beds, setting up meals, cleaning the care environment), but the activities must not require critical thinking or professional judgment (American Nurses Association, 2005). Nursing supervisors also must ensure that nursing care measures have been carried out correctly.
A nurse working in a critical care unit has experienced personal tragedy, extreme shortage of staff in the work environment, and health issues. The nurse has overcome much of these hardships and is now mentoring other nurses in similar situations. What behavior is this nurse demonstrating?
Moral resilience Moral resilience is the developed capacity to respond well to morally distressing experiences and to emerge strong. This nurse has demonstrated that although life issues have been overwhelming, there is an emergence of strength and resilience. Moral distress occurs when you know the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action. Conscientious objection is the refusal to participate in certain types of treatment and care based on the fact that these activities violate the nurse's personal and professional ethical beliefs and standards. There is not an ethical dilemma present between the nurse and the workplace.
A nurse knows that the expression "Do not cause harm" refers to which ethical principle?
Nonmaleficence Nonmaleficence is conducting procedures and interventions in a safe manner so that no harm is caused to the client. Justice is the idea that the burdens and benefits of new or experimental treatments must be distributed equally among all groups in society. Fidelity is demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support to a client. Beneficence requires that the procedure be provided with the intent of doing good for the client involved.
Which statement about laws governing the distribution of controlled substances is true?
Nurses are responsible for adhering to specific documentation about controlled substances. Nurses have specific responsibilities regarding controlled substances, including specific documentation. Violation of controlled substances laws at the workplace is serious and a criminal act. Substance use is treatable, and the objective is to detect and treat the problem early. It does not matter where the nurse obtains the drugs; the nurse is still liable for personal actions.
A nurse believes that abortion is an acceptable option if a pregnancy results from a situation of rape. What is the best description of this belief?
Personal moral A personal moral is a standard of right and wrong that helps a person determine the correct or permissible action in a given situation. Professional values in nursing are a set of beliefs about the worth of things, about what matters, that provide the foundation for nursing practice and guide the nurse's interactions with clients, colleagues, and the public. Ethical principles are a set of specific concepts that guide a person's actions. A legal obligation is something that is required by law.
A client has been diagnosed with a debilitating neuromuscular disease that has left the client tired, confused, and in pain. Which action(s) will the nurse choose to advocate for this client in planning future care? Select all that apply.
Provide education about treatments. Facilitate involvement of people essential to the decision. Explain laboratory and radiology findings. Advocacy includes ensuring the client is educated about treatments, that findings are explained, and that others important to the process are involved in decision-making. The nurse should not offer opinions on care options but should offer information about the options. The client does not have to make all decisions regarding care, but the client's general wishes should be considered in all decision-making.
Parents giving money to a child for receiving an exemplary report from school is an example of which type of value transmission?
Rewarding Rewarding occurs when good behavior or an event is accompanied with money or a prize. Modeling is when a person exhibits proper behavior as an example for others to follow, such as a mother practicing good manners at the dinner table in front of children. Moralizing is an expression of opinions in terms of right or wrong. An example is when a parent explains to a child why an action is right or wrong. Laissez-faire is an attitude or behavior of letting things happen without interfering. An example is a parent allowing a child to explore physical surroundings without the interference of the parent.
A nurse is providing care to an older adult client who was just diagnosed with cancer. The client together with the immediate family discuss their preferences with the health care providers involved. The health care providers offer their clinical recommendations about possible treatments. Ultimately, the group arrives at a decision. The nurse interprets this decision-making process as reflecting which type?
Shared There are three basic models of healthcare decision making. In the paternalistic model, clinicians decide what ought to be done to benefit the client, inform the client, and the client's role is to comply. In the client sovereignty model, clients or their surrogates, expressing their right to be autonomous, tell the clinician what they want, and the clinician's role is to comply. Most ethicists reject these models in their extremes and recommend a model of shared decision making, which respects and uses the preferences of the client and the expertise/judgment of the clinician. Clinical decision making is the process that results from the use of a healthcare decision-making model.
A nurse, while off-duty, tells the physiotherapist that a client who was admitted to the nursing unit contracted AIDS due to exposure to sex workers at the age of 18. The client discovers that the nurse has revealed the information to the physiotherapist. With what legal action could the nurse be charged?
Slander The nurse can be charged with slander, which is a verbal attack on a person's character. Libel pertains to damaging written statements read by others. Both libel and slander are considered defamation of character-an intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about another that diminish the other party's reputation. To be found guilty of slander or libel, the statement must be proved false. Negligence and malpractice pertain to actions which are committed or omitted, thereby causing physical harm to a client.
A client continues to complain of pain despite receiving medication. The family states, "In our culture it is acceptable to complain out loud." What would be the best response by the nurse?
Tell me more about your cultural beliefs. It is important for the nurse to learn about how culture affects the client's behavior. Asking the client to explain the client's cultural beliefs will help the nurse to use a care-based approach. Stating that the medication should have worked or stating that it is fine to complain out loud are not examples of a care-based approach. Also, describing the home situation would not be helpful in this instance.
Legal safeguards are in place in the nursing practice to protect the nurse from exposure to legal risks as well as to protect the client from harm. What is an example(s) of legal safeguards for the nurse? Select all that apply.
The nurse confirms informed consent was give by the client to perform a procedure. The nurse educates the client about what to expect during the hospital stay. The nurse documents all client care in a timely manner. Examples of legal safeguards for the nurse include the nurse confirming that informed consent was obtained from a client, the nurse educating the client about what to expect during the hospital stay, and the nurse documenting all client care in a timely manner. Legal safeguards for the nurse would not include the nurse executing health care provider's prescriptions without questioning them. Legal safeguards for the nurse would not include the nurse claiming management is responsible for inadequate staffing leading to negligence. Legal safeguards for the nurse would not include the health care provider being responsible for administration of a wrongly prescribed medication.
After reporting to work for a night shift, the nurse learns that the unit is understaffed because two RNs called out sick. As a result, each nurse on the unit must provide care for four acute clients in addition to the nurse's regular clients. Which statement is true for this nurse when working in understaffed circumstances?
The nurse is legally held to the same standards of care as when staffing levels are normal. The claim of being overworked does not constitute a legal defense, and both the potential for liability and standards of care remain unchanged despite an increased client assignment. Although it is prudent to make all realistic attempts to fill the gaps in staffing, documenting these efforts does not change the nurse's legal position. A nurse has the right to refuse an unsafe client assignment but the nurse is not legally obliged to withhold care.
A client newly diagnosed with congestive heart failure has a prescription for digoxin. The nurse counts the heart rate before administration of the medication and obtains a heart rate of 51 beats per minute. Which action by the nurse demonstrates adherence to the standards of nursing care?
The nurse withholds the medication and notifies the health care practitioner. Nurses are responsible for following the standards of care for their particular work area. A reasonably prudent nurse would withhold the medication and notify the health care practitioner. All other options put the client's safety at risk and would not be done by a reasonably prudent nurse.
Which is a characteristic of the care-based approach to bioethics?
The promotion of the dignity and respect of clients as people The care-based approach to bioethics focuses on the specific situations of individual clients, and characteristics of this approach include promoting the dignity and respect of clients as people. The need to emphasize the relevance of clinical experience and the need for an orientation toward service are part of the criticisms of bioethics. The deontologic theory of ethics says that an action is right or wrong independent of its consequences.
Which traits are examples of virtues that can exemplify character and conduct as a professional nurse? Select all that apply.
Trustworthiness Humility Compassion Trustworthiness, humility, and compassion are all examples of professional virtues, as well as cultivated dispositions of character and conduct, that motivate and enable us to be good human beings. Deception and conflict are negative traits that do not exemplify professional virtues.
To practice ethically, the nurse should avoid:
allowing the nurse's own personal judgment to guide practice. Personal convictions apply only to situations and decisions pertaining to the individual. In ethical professional practice, nurses should avoid allowing personal judgments to bias their treatment of clients. It is appropriate for nurses to allow an ethics committee, past cases, and the views of clients and their families to guide nursing practice.
A nurse working on a critical care unit was informed by a client with multiple sclerosis that the client did not wish to be resuscitated in the event of cardiac arrest. Now the client is no longer able to express wishes, and the family has informed the physician that they want the client to be resuscitated. Aware of the client's wishes, the nurse is involved in a situation that may involve:
ethical distress. The nurse is involved in a situation that involves ethical distress. Ethical distress occurs when the nurse knows the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action. Paternalism is acting for clients without their consent to secure good or prevent harm. Deception and confidentiality can result in ethical problems for nurses when there is a conflict between the client's and nurse's values/interests. In this scenario, the nurse is aware of the client's wishes, but the conflict lies with the family and thus the nurse will experience ethical distress.
What would be an example of the nurse practicing fidelity? The nurse:
stays with a client during death as promised. Fidelity requires the nurse to keep promises made and to be faithful to one's commitments. Regulating visitors is a demonstration of the value of privacy. Withholding client's information as requested is an example of maintaining confidentiality. Providing continuity of care is an example of integrity and professionalism.