Chapter 01 MCQS, Chapter 02 MCQS
When a membrane is at rest, what attracts potassium ions to the inside of the cell? a. An electrical gradient, b. A concentration gradient, c. Both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient, d. Neither an electrical gradient nor a concentration gradient
ANSWER: a
When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it the cell. a. into; into, b. into; out of, c. out of; into, d. out of; out of
ANSWER: a
When the potential across a membrane reaches threshold, the sodium channels . a. open to let sodium enter the cell rapidly, b. close to prevent sodium from entering the cell, c. open to let sodium exit the cell rapidly, d. close to prevent sodium from exiting the cell
ANSWER: a
Which type of glia release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons? a Astrocytes, b Schwann cells, c Oligodendrocytes, d Radial glia
ANSWER: a
Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervous system? a Astrocytes, b Schwann cells, c Oligodendrocytes, d Radial glia
ANSWER: a
What mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter? a A threshold, b A blood-brain barrier, c An endoplasmic wall, d A differential-drug inhibitor
ANSWER: b
What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity of axons? a Oligodendrocytes, b Astrocytes, c Radial glia, d Schwann cells
ANSWER: b
When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the potassium channels . a. permit potassium ions to pass quickly and easily, b. permit potassium ions to pass slowly, c. prohibit any movement of potassium ions, d. help to open up the sodium channels
ANSWER: b
Which event will increase the concentration gradient of sodium? a. Decreasing permeability to potassium ions, b. Increasing activity of the sodium potassium pump, c. Increasing membrane permeability to sodium ions, d. Increasing membrane permeability to chloride ions
ANSWER: b
Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body? a Astrocytes, b Schwann cells, c Oligodendrocytes, d Radial glia
ANSWER: b
A membrane produces an action potential whenever the potential across it reaches what level? a. the resting potential, b. -90 mV, c. the threshold of excitation, d. the refractory period
ANSWER: c
As a general rule, axons convey information . a toward dendrites of their own cell, b toward their own cell body, c away from their own cell body, d to surrounding glia
ANSWER: c
As compared to dendrites, axons usually: a form the information-receiving pole of the neuron, b are shorter in length, c are covered with myelin, d taper in diameter toward their periphery
ANSWER: c
At the peak of the action potential, the electrical gradient of potassium . a. is the same as during the resting potential, b. pulls sodium into the cell, c. pushes potassium out of the cell, d. pulls potassium into the cell
ANSWER: c
Dalton has been diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome. What likely caused his disorder? a. He is an alcoholic and has damaged his nervous system such that glucose cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, b. He has been exposed to a virus that has now started killing neurons, c. He doesn't have enough thiamine probably as a result of chronic alcoholism, d. His glial cells are overactive and are damaging healthy neurons
ANSWER: c
Dr. McLaughlin's lab studies how newly formed proteins are folded inside neurons. They would be most interested in studying the . a endoplasmic reticulum, b mitochondria, c ribosomes, d nucleus
ANSWER: c
If all of a neuron's dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) neuron. a efferent, b afferent, c intrinsic, d Purkinje
ANSWER: c
Professor Nuno explained to her class that glucose is so important to the brain because . a. neurons and glial cells can only metabolize glucose, b. glial cells can only breakdown glucose into energy that the neurons can use, c. glucose is unique and can cross the blood-brain barrier to be used by neurons, d. all other forms of energy are used up by the body and don't make it to the brain
ANSWER: c
Professor Rhodus is lecturing about selective permeability of neurons. What would he tell the class? a. All ions can only travel in one direction across the membrane, b. All molecules must cross the membrane via a designated channel, c. Only certain molecules can cross the membrane freely, d. Only sodium and potassium ions can cross the membrane
ANSWER: c
The concentration gradient refers to the . a. fact that the concentration of ions is greater on the inside of a neuron, b. fact that the concentration of ions is greater on the outside of a neuron, c. difference in distribution for various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane, d. negatively charged proteins inside the cell
ANSWER: c
The major disadvantage of a blood-brain barrier is that . a many chemicals can easily diffuse into the brain, b so much glucose is required to maintain it, c certain required chemicals must be actively transported, d viruses cannot escape
ANSWER: c
Under which conditions would the sodium-potassium pump likely be far less effective in creating a concentration gradient? a. if dendrites were generally longer than axons, b. if the glia-to-neuron ratio were higher, c. if selective permeability of the membrane did not exist, d. if it were an active transport system that required energy
ANSWER: c
What occurs when depolarization is less than the cell's threshold? a. Sodium is prevented from crossing the membrane, b. Potassium is prevented from crossing the membrane, c. Sodium crosses the membrane only slightly more than usual, d. The cell will still produce an action potential
ANSWER: c
What term describes the difference in voltage that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron? a. Concentration gradient, b. Generator potential, c. Resting potential, d. Shock gradient
ANSWER: c
What type of neuron in the pons receives information only from other cells in the pons and sends information only to other cells in the pons? a Afferent, b Efferent, c Intrinsic, d Inter-synaptic
ANSWER: c
When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell? a. An electrical gradient, b. A concentration gradient, c. Both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient, d. Neither an electrical gradient nor a concentration gradient
ANSWER: c
When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it the cell. a. into; into, b. into; out of, c. out of; into, d. out of; out of
ANSWER: c
Andrew was exposed to the chicken pox virus as a child. What happened to that virus after it crossed the blood-brain barrier and entered Andrew's brain? a Andrew's natural killer cells were able to quickly destroy it, b The glia in his brain engulfed the virus and then natural killer cells destroyed them both, c Nothing happened since the chicken pox virus cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, d Nothing happened at first, but the virus remained there and caused negative effects for Andrew as he got older
ANSWER: d
Electrical gradients lead to the . a. general movement of ions into the neuron, b. general movement of ions out of the neuron, c. movement of ions to areas having the same electrical charges, d. movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges
ANSWER: d
In order to change the amount of polarization of a neuron, Professor Alley would need to change the difference in voltage between . a. the dendrites and the axon hillock, b. the axon and the soma, c. inside the nucleus and outside the nucleus, d. inside the cell and outside the cell
ANSWER: d
Jasmine is in her physiology lab practicing labeling a neuron. When she gets to the nodes of Ranvier, she will be labeling: a the spiny outgrowths on dendrites, b the myelin sheath, c the swelling at the end of the axon, d the gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon
ANSWER: d
Molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier are usually . a large, uncharged molecules, such as lactose, b large, charged molecules, c neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, d molecules that can dissolve in the fats of the capillary walls
ANSWER: d
Pok is in the lab and is measuring the resting potential of neurons. Approximately what should she measure as the resting potential? a. -65 millivolts, b. 0 millivolts, c. 70 millivolts, d. -70 millivolts
ANSWER: d
Professor Peach is lecturing in her class about glial cells. She will tell her class that glial cells . a are less common than neurons in the human nervous system. b are responsible for transmitting information within the peripheral nervous system. c are the "glue" that holds all of the neurons together in the brain. d are not as well studied as neurons but have been shown to perform many important functions in the nervous system
ANSWER: d
Ribosomes are the part of a cell that . a performs metabolic activities, b breaks down harmful chemicals, c transports proteins, d synthesizes new proteins
ANSWER: d
Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through a diffusion, b ribosomes, c mitochondria, d protein channels
ANSWER: d
The concentration gradient for potassium tends to . a. draw potassium into the cell, b. push chloride out of the cell, c. push sodium out of the cell, d. push potassium out of the cell
ANSWER: d
Water, oxygen, and freely flow across a cell membrane. a calcium, b positively charged ions, c magnesium, d carbon dioxide
ANSWER: d
When a neuron is at rest, what is primarily responsible for moving potassium ions into the cell? a. Concentration gradient, b. An electrical gradient, c. The sodium-potassium pump, d. Both the sodium-potassium pump and electrical gradient
ANSWER: d
Which action would depolarize a neuron? a. Decreasing membrane permeability to calcium, b. Increasing membrane permeability to potassium, c. Decreasing membrane permeability to sodium, d. Increasing membrane permeability to sodium
ANSWER: d
Why does the brain need thiamine? a. To enable glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier, b. As a source of fuel in case there is not enough glucose, c. As a building block for making proteins, d. To enable it to metabolize glucose
ANSWER: d
An efferent axon carries information away from a structure. a. True b.False
a
Increasing the electrical gradient for potassium will reduce the tendency for potassium ions to exit the neuron. a True b False
a
Neurons are distinguished from other cells by their shape. a True b False
a
Neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells. a. True b.False
a
Santiago Ramón y Cajal used special staining techniques to reveal that the brain is composed of individual cells. a. True b.False
a
The difference in voltage in a resting neuron is called the resting potential. a True b False
a
The greater the surface area of a dendrite, the more information it can receive from other neurons. a True b False
a
Action potentials can be produced in the dendrites of some neurons. a True b False
b
At the resting potential, the potassium channels are completely closed and the sodium channels are almost closed. a True b False
b
Dendrites contain the nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells. a. True b. False
b
Dr. Skinner is working in the lab measuring the voltage of neurons, and during one condition, she tried to depolarize the neurons from -70 mV to -80 mV. a True b False
b
Glial cells transmit information across long distances. a True b False
b
The blood-brain barrier is made up of closely packed glial cells. a True b False
b
The role of glial cells is to act like "glue" or scaffolding to support the neurons. a True b False
b
There are two types of glial cells that produce myelin sheath. In the central nervous system, Schwann cells fulfill this role and, in the periphery, oligodendrocytes produce it. a True b False
b
A presynaptic terminal is also known as . a an end bulb, b a node of Ranvier, c myelin, d a spine
ANSWER: a
An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as . a presynaptic terminals, b efferent axons, c afferent axons, d intrinsic neurons
ANSWER: a
Both ____ and ____ shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1906. a. Golgi and Cajal b. Cajal and Sherrington c. Sherrington and Golgi d. Cajal and Kalat
ANSWER: a
The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are a neurons and glia b dendrites and axons c ribosomes and lysosomes d neurons and axons
ANSWER: a
Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their . a. permeability, b. length, c. number, d. threshold
ANSWER: a
What occurs when a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential? a. Hyperpolarization, b. Depolarization, c. An action potential, d. A threshold
ANSWER: a
What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord? a oligodendrocytes, b Schwann cells, c radial glia, d astrocytes
ANSWER: a
What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons? a Fats, b Glucose, c Sodium, d Complex carbohydrates
ANSWER: b
If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by . a efferent neurons, b afferent neurons, c intrinsic neurons, d sensory neurons
ANSWER: a
In order to produce an action potential, the collective amount of depolarization must exceed the a. threshold of excitation, b. energy required to open the potassium channels, c. absolute refractory period, d. resting membrane potential
ANSWER: a
Korsakoff's syndrome . a. is marked by severe memory impairments, b. results from too much thiamine, c. results from lack of oxygen to the brain, d. is due to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier
ANSWER: a
Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that . a increase the surface area available for synapses, b increase the speed of transmission, c eliminate cell waste products, d increase the symmetry of the soma
ANSWER: a
Marquitta is studying for a quiz and records in her notes that glucose is the main source of fuel for the nervous system and enters the brain via . a active transport, b passive transport, c gaps in the ventricles, d gaps in the blood-brain barrier
ANSWER: a
Nettie is in the laboratory working with cultured neurons. She wants to record the voltage following the opening of the sodium channels. What does she need to do to get the sodium channels to open? a. Add a solution that will result in depolarizing the membrane, b. Add a solution that will result in hyperpolarizing the membrane, c. Increase the amount of sodium outside of the neuron, d. Produce an action potential and get to the refractory periods
ANSWER: a
Professor Xi studies the located on the of neurons in order to better understand how messages are received by the neuron. a synaptic receptors; dendrites, b axons; somas, c synaptic hillocks; dendrites, d synaptic receptors; somas
ANSWER: a
Radial glia . a guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development, b synchronize the activity of axons, c wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons, d build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain axons
ANSWER: a
The action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions? a. Sodium ions entering the cell, b. Sodium ions leaving the cell, c. Potassium ions entering the cell, d. Potassium ions leaving the cell
ANSWER: a
The endoplasmic reticulum is a . a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins, b site where the cell synthesizes new protein molecules, c structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside, d structure that contains the chromosomes
ANSWER: a
The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to . a. decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell, b. increase the number of positively charged ions within the cell, c. decrease the number of positively charged ions outside the cell, d. increase the number of negatively charged ions within the cell
ANSWER: a
The resting potential is mainly the result of . a. negatively charged proteins inside the cell, b. positively charged proteins inside the cell, c. negatively charged proteins outside the cell, d. positively charged proteins outside the cell
ANSWER: a
Zandra is studying about the ions involved in the action potential. She records in her notes that . a. the concentration of sodium remains more concentrated outside the neuron than inside even during an action potential, b. the concentration of potassium remains more concentrated outside the neuron than inside even during an action potential, c. the concentration of sodium and potassium equalize across the membrane during an action potential, d. during an action potential, the sodium channels stay open for a long period of time
ANSWER: a
in the brain and spinal cord and in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons. a Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells, b Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes, c Microglia; oligodendrocytes, d Radial glia; Schwann cells
ANSWER: a
Dendrites . a contain the nucleus, ribosomes, and other structures found in most cells, b are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends, c are thin fibers of constant diameter, d are an insulating material that cover an axon
ANSWER: b
Dr. Delillo studies the resting potential of neurons. He has found that is the main reason the neuron is able to maintain the resting potential. a. the size difference between the axon and dendrites, b. the sodium-potassium pump, c. the concentration gradient, d. the refractory period of the membrane
ANSWER: b
Dr. Kimi studies the plasma membrane of neurons. He specifically researches the specialized _____ that allow in important things like water, oxygen, sodium, and so on. a. lipid channels b. protein channels c. lipid receptors d. protein receptors
ANSWER: b
Dr. O'Reilly is trying to produce hyperpolarization in the neurons in her laboratory. What should she do? a Use a microelectrode to apply a. positive charge, b. Use a microelectrode to apply a negative charge, c. Add a drug that will increase the membrane's permeability to sodium, d. Add a drug that will decrease the membrane's permeability to potassium
ANSWER: b
Dr. Pautz studies the immune system and has recently become interested in the glial cells that function similar to other cells in the immune system. What cells has Dr. Pautz started exploring? a Schwann cells, b Microglia, c Astrocytes, d Radial glia
ANSWER: b
Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as . a interpeduncular nuclei, b nodes of Ranvier, c myelin synapses, d presynaptic terminals
ANSWER: b
Jena is reviewing her notes on action potentials for a quiz. She makes an extra notation that before the action potential when the neuron is at rest, sodium channels . a. are open and allow sodium ions to flow through easily, b. are closed and don't allow sodium to pass through, c. are partially open, so sodium leaks through slowly, d. are partially open but at equilibrium, so the sodium doesn't move
ANSWER: b
Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their . a temperature, b shape, c osmotic pressure, d mitochondria
ANSWER: b
Neurons typically have one , but many . a dendrite; axons, b axon; dendrites, c cell body; axons, d dendrite; cell bodies
ANSWER: b
Ordinarily, stimulation of a neuron takes place . a. through hyperpolarization, b. at the synapse, c. in the mitochondria, d. in the endoplasmic reticulum
ANSWER: b
Professor Case studies how drugs of abuse change the amount of chemical that neurons release from the presynaptic terminal into the . a dendritic terminal, b junction between neurons, c afferent space, d nucleus
ANSWER: b
Professor Durrant explained to his students that the resting potential of a neuron is the . a. total amount of positive charge inside the neuron relative to the outside, b. total amount of negative charge inside the neuron relative to the outside, c. total amount of sodium ions compared to potassium ions, d. the amount of positive charge in the dendrites compared to the axon
ANSWER: b
Professor Lopez studies the specialized in the eye that detects light. a. motor neurons, b. sensory neurons, c. glial cells, d. interneurons
ANSWER: b
Professor Michaels is explaining to his students that, when the neuron is at rest, is mostly responsible for the movement of potassium ions out of the cell. a. potassium's electrical gradient, b. potassium's concentration gradient, c. the sodium-potassium pump, d. sodium's electrical gradient
ANSWER: b
Professor Windell is lecturing about the resting potential of neurons. He will tell his class that the resting potential is advantageous because . a. it minimizes the toxic effects of sodium, b. the cell is ready to produce an action potential quickly following a stimulus, c. it prevents the cell from having to use any energy to keep itself prepared to fire an action potential, d. this maintains equal levels of the ions both inside and outside of the neuron
ANSWER: b
Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that ____. a. at rest, the neuron has a negative charge inside its membrane b. neurons are separate from one another c. neurons communicate at specialized junctions called synapses d. action potentials follow the all-or-none law
ANSWER: b
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called . a motor neurons, b dendrites, c sensory neurons, d axons
ANSWER: b
The insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons is called the: a dendrite, b myelin sheath, c cell body or soma, d presynaptic terminal
ANSWER: b
The membrane of a neuron is composed of with embedded in them. a. carbohydrates; purines, b. phospholipids; proteins, c. proteins; neurotransmitters, d. benzene molecules; carbohydrates
ANSWER: b
The structure that contains a cell's chromosomes is called the . a endoplasmic reticulum, b nucleus, c mitochondrion, d ribosome
ANSWER: b
The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called . a axons, b dendrites, c soma, d myelin
ANSWER: b
What do neurons have that other cells do not? a A plasma membrane, b Large, branching extensions, c Protein channels, d An endoplasmic reticulum
ANSWER: b
