Chapter 1 - 3 Women Health Exam

In a third-party healthcare system, what is the consumer responsible to pay?

A premium, copayment and/or deductible.

Which of the following actions is an example of primary prevention?

A. Alleviating the pain of a terminally ill, hospitalized patient B. Eating a nutritious diet C. Using radiation to stop the spread of prostate cancer D. Getting annual clinical exams to monitor high blood pressure

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Although most health insurance plans include deductibles, the more expensive plans require higher deductibles. B. Federal legislation mandates that patients pay the same co-payment, regardless of their health insurance. C. A benefit cap is the maximum amount the health insurance provider will pay for a patient's healthcare costs. D. All of these are correct.

Which of the following actions is an example of secondary prevention?

A. Being screened for HIV/AIDS B. Rehabilitating a stroke victim at an extended care facility C. Treating a terminally ill patient with painkillers D. Taking a daily regimen of injections for chronic liver disease

Which of the following actions is an example of tertiary prevention?

A. Getting regular medical checkups B. Using medications to treat hypertension C. Treating a terminally ill patient with painkillers D. Practicing abstinence to avoid contracting a sexually transmitted infection

Which of the following statements are true>

A. Men make most of the healthcare decisions for their families. B. Women are increasingly the target of pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers. C. In the past 40 years, women have increased their participation in the workforce. D. Women are more likely than men to manage the bills in their families.

Which of the following actions is an example of primary prevention?

A. Rehabilitating a stroke victim at an extended care facility B. Alleviating the pain of a terminally ill, hospitalized patient C. Using radiation to stop the spread of prostate cancer D. Quitting smoking to prevent lung disease

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Research from the completed Human Genome Project promises to significantly improve the public health. B. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) oversee all government-sponsored women's health initiatives. C. Medical research has largely refuted the idea of biological differences between the sexes beyond the reproductive organs. D. All of these are correct.

During their senior years, women should engage in which lifestyle habits and or medical checkups?

Annual screenings for high blood pressure, cholesterol screening, periodic height and weight measurements, clinical breast examinations yearly, initial assessment of cognitive function, behavioral assessments, routine mammograms, periodic evaluation for hearing loss, thyroid-simulating hormone test, bone mineral density test and annual vaccines.

Which Health Human Services (HHS) agency conducts disease surveillance and prevention and keeps track of national health statistics

Center for Disease prevention and Control (CDC)

Aging women should obtain which type of screenings annually

Clinical Breast Examination

Name two health-related difficulties resulting from aging and describe how they can make independent living difficult.

Conditions like osteoporosis and arthritis can make independent living difficult as a fall is dangerous for women when these conditions and doing basic activities as well. Vision and hearing loss can also provide difficulties for living independently as well.

Managed healthcare was introduced as a method to:

Control healthcare costs

Name three diseases or treatments in which gender exerts a significant influence. How do men and women react differently?

Depression · Women's brains produce less of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which regulates emotions. Pain · Certain pain medicines are for more effective in reliving pain within women then men Anesthesia · On average, women wake up from anesthesia after seven minutes meanwhile, men typically wake up after eleven minutes

Briefly describe the difference between analytic and descriptive studies. Which category do clinical trials fall into?

Descriptive Studies attempt to describe or examine a disease in a population as well as how that disease or phenomenon relates to variables such as race, age and gender, These studies can find correlations between the disease and variables but cannot say if one causes the other. Analytic Studies compare people who are exposed to a certain variable to people who are not exposed to see whether that variable influences their chances of developing a disease. Unlike Descriptive studies, analytical studies can find a cause-and-effect ratio, though they are generally more difficult to perform. Clinical trials are an analytical stu

During the U.S. Civil War, who led a national effort to organize a nursing corps to care for the war's wounded and sick?

Dortha Dix and Clara Barton

Definition: What is the study of patterns of health and disease in populations?

Epidemiology

Define epidemiology, prevalence, and incidence

Epidemiology is the study of pattern of a disease in a new population. Prevalence is the total number of people affected by illness at a given point in time and during a period of time. Incidence is new cases of a condition that occurs during a specific period of time.

True or False? Depression is a chronic disease that occurs almost exclusively during or after menopause.

False

True or False? From its beginning, the women's health movement embraced and advocated for women of all races and economic backgrounds.

False

True or False? Rates of depression fall sharply for women over the age of 65

False

True or False? The most effective way to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases in populations is to ignore gender—to treat men and women as complete equals.

False

Define Feminism

Feminism is the idea that women should have the same political, economic, and social rights as men.

In most industrialized countries, the majority of people:

Get health insurance through a centralized government source

What is the main objective of the Family and Medical Leave Act?

Gives employees unpaid medical leave for themselves or the care of a family member or a newborn or adopted infant.

Name four preventive health actions women can take to help stay healthy throughout their lives.

Good nutrition, regular physical activity, adequate sleep and healthy sexual activity are essential for health in all life stages.

Which of the following is a type of managed care plan?

HMO (Health maintenance organization)

In a fee-for-service payment environment, what incentives do the physicians have?

In a fee-for-service payment environment, physicians were given a fee for each service given to a patient

Gender-based research has determined that women and men experience heart attacks differently. Explain how including women in treatment research in the heart attack space improves the medical care that a woman suffering a heart attack will receive.

Inclusion of women in treatment research improves care that a women suffering a heart attack will receive because the medical field can have a better understanding of why women suffer heart attacks more in comparison in men to reduce the factors which will lessen the death total as well. Not only that, but a better understanding of why the symptoms present the way they do could lead to a better treatment options and medicine for controlling symptoms that can or will occur. Finally, if it's common for women to have a second heart attack shortly after their first, then she can be better prepared for the next one or perhaps treatment can go in to prevent it from even occurring at all.

Which of the following is true about the feminist movement?

It continues to evolve while pursuing the idea that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men.

Define maternal mortality. How has this area changed in the past century? Name two factors that contributed to this change.

Maternal mortality is a disability, disease or death related to pregnancy or childbirth. Maternal mortality has changed in the past century as the rate of death for the mother during childbirth had decreased to half the number of earlier centuries and infants have a 0.6% chance of dying during or after childbirth. Two factors that have contribute to the cause of lower rates would be knowledge of germ theory and access to family planning services.

Compared to women who do not care for a relative or friend, women caregivers are:

More likely to be depressed, more likely to be sick themselves and more likely to have insomnia

Which organization conducts most federally funded medical research?

National Institute of Health (NIH)

Name two reasons why Medicaid has become increasingly important to the women's health movement.

One reason Medicaid is important to woman's health as it provides free preventive care such a mammogram, smoking incentives, sexually transmitted disease screenings, breastfeeding counseling and more. Preventive care is important for women as it prevents diseases from occurring or getting too far along that they become untreatable or too costly. Another reason Medicaid is important to women because women typically live longer then men and when entering into a retirement home, Medicaid will cover expenses once that individual has no life savings left.

Fall-related injuries are of special concern to elderly women suffering from which illness or chronic condition?:

Osteoporosis and arthritis

Which of the following participants shape the direction of health care in the United States?

Physicians, Patients and Insurers

What services are covered with no co-pay under the PPACA?

Preventive Care, Well-women visits, Gestational Diabetes screening, HPV testing, Counseling for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV testing and counseling, Contraceptive methods and counseling, breastfeeding support, supplies and counseling, and domestic violence screening and counseling.

The emphasis on managed health care in the United States in the 1990s did which of the following?

Slowed but did not stop the growth in healthcare spending

What are the largest behavior-related causes of death in the United States?

Smoking

Who does the SCHIP provides health insurance coverage to:

State Child Health Insurance Program provides insurance to children in low-income households.

What did the NIH Revitalization Act do for women's health?

The NIH Revitalization Act required that women and minorities be included as subjects in all human subjects research funded by the NIH. The inclusion of women broadened the scientific knowledge base necessary for developing sex specific diagnostic techniques, preventive measures, and effective treatments for diseases and conditions affecting women throughout their lifespans.

How did the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) increase access to health insurance?

The PPACA gave tax credits to small businesses to provide health benefits to workers and matching grants to states to expand their Medicaid programs to more individuals and families.

Define Health promotion

The act of encouraging people to improve their health and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

How do the leading causes of death vary for adolescents and women under 25 compared to middle-aged women (ages 45 to 64)?

The leading death vary for adolescents and young adults compared to middle-aged women as those under 25 years old are more likely to participate in risky behaviors than middle-age women. Unprotected sex, large amounts of alcohol consumed, tattoos & piercings in unsanitary environments and drug use.

What are the main arguments for and against a universal health system?

The main argument for universal health system is that healthcare is a right and not a privilege therefore, every citizen is entitled to revive healthcare. Meanwhile, the argument against universal health system is the overly cost approach and many prefer to have a private sector to manage and fund health care through a free market approach.

During World War II, many women entered the U.S. workforce. What happened to most of these women at the end of the war when men returned from the front?

The women were pressure to leave the workforce and return to the home/domestic household work.

True or False? A woman's behavior can often determine whether she gets a chronic disease, as well as the chronic disease's course of infection.

True

True or False? Factors such as the hormonal variations caused by the menstrual cycle and the possible effects of a trial on a developing fetus can pose statistical and ethical challenges for clinical investigators.

True

True or False? Revisions to FDA policies in 1993 required drug studies to include women of childbearing age.

True

True or False? Susan Wood was the top official in charge of women's health at the FDA.

True

True or False? The federal government's role in funding biomedical research is significant.

True

Compared to men, women:

have longer life spans and are more likely to care for sick or aging relatives.

Briefly define what Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are and how they might lower healthcare costs.

. Accountable Care Organizations are providers like hospitals who take complete responsibility for the care of a patient rather then just providing isolated services. The ACOs might lower medical cost as the providers aren't paid for each medical service provided but paid a fixed fee for the overall care and quality, then the cost would lower while the quality of service goes up.

In 2012, approximately 500,000 people died in a small country that had a total population of about 5 million people. During that year, the incidence of cancer in this country was 0.25% and the prevalence of heart disease was 3.75%. What was this country's approximate mortality rate for that year?

10%

What percent of the current gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on health care?

17.9%

What year did the FDA approve the birth control pill?

1960

What year were Medicaid and Medicare enacted?

1960

What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote?

19th Amendment

As of 2012, roughly how many women are in the U.S. Senate?

20

What is the difference between a health insurance copayment and a deductible?

A copayment is either a flat rate or percentage that an individual pays to receive healthcare insurance from either a public source like the government or private source like from an employer. Some insurances, then require the individual to pay a deductible or a certain amount before the insurance company will begin to pay for anything. For example, let's say a woman gets health insurance from her employer, she pays a copayment fee of $24 dollars a week to have the insurance but had a $1000 deductible. That means any doctor visits, medicine, or any other healthcare she gets will come from her own pocket until she pays $1,000 dollars. Once she had reached that deductible, then the health insurance covers everything else for her for the rest of the year.