Chapter 1-4 Sports Psychology

Nicholls' research (1989) on goal perspectives argued that: a. ego involvement is associated with an increase in performance b. achievement goal orientations are independent dimensions c. higher ego involved athletes exhibit increased effort d. achievement goal orientations are bipolar opposites

*b. achievement goal orientations are independent dimensions

T/F A negative reinforcer has the effect of decreasing the probability of repeating the behavior that preceded it.

False

T/F A task-involving climate refers to the perceived structure of the environment which, in turn, can affect the achievement patterns of individuals.

False

T/F Amotivation refers to when an athlete participates in sport because, inside, they feel they have to play.

False

T/F Athletes who receive extrinsic motivation in addition to their intrinsic motivation end up more motivated than if they failed to receive the extrinsic motivation.

False

T/F Extrinsic motivation always undermines intrinsic motivation.

False

T/F Individuals with high perceptions of ability are unlikely to respond in a fashion similar to competitors who are task involved.

False

T/F Motivation is brought on predominantly by coaches "motivating" athletes.

False

T/F The TARGET recognition represents procedures and practices used to motivate and recognize athletes for their progress.

False

T/F The scientific foundation of sport psychology emerged primarily during the last 75 years.

False

T/F Self-regulation training refers to voluntarily controlling such bodily functions as heart rate, temperature, and muscle tension, as well as emotional reactions to stressful situations.

True

T/F A primary goal of the 1970's was to gain acceptance for the field of sport psychology by advancing the knowledge base through experimental research.

True

T/F An ego avoidance perspective on achievement has been linked to greater fear of failure and the belief that sport ability is fixed or unchangeable.

True

T/F Athletes who have a high ego goal orientation are more likely to become concerned about how they are doing compared to others.

True

T/F In the positive approach, a coach would focus on measuring desired behavior vs. undesirable behavior.

True

T/F In youth sports it is better to have task-involving than ego-involving parents.

True

T/F Learner-regulated feedback describes when the coach only provides feedback when an athlete requests it.

True

T/F One of the purposes of the Association of Applied Sport Psychology is to promote applied research in the areas of social, health, and performance enhancement psychology.

True

T/F The pioneering efforts of Coreman Griffith and Dorothy Yates failed to foster any followers so no recognizable sport psychology discipline emerged in the 1930s and 1940s.

True

T/F The progressive-part method describes the first two parts of a skill. They are practiced separately and then combined and practiced as a unit.

True

_____ focuses on psychological theories and interventions that can be used to enhance performance, participation, and personal growth. a. applied sport psychology b. social psychology c. bio-behavioral psychology d. developmental psychology

a. applied sport psychology

_____ considers person and environmental variables and their potential interaction. a. Interactionism paradigm b. Humanistic theory c. Person-environmental relations c. Cognitive psychology

a. Interactionism paradigm

Which practice schedule consists of coaching a skill for a series of sessions (i.e., days), followed by sessions focusing on other skills until all desired skills have been practiced? a. blocked practice b. random practice c. constant practice d. whole practice

a. blocked practice

Punishment works by arousing: a. fear b. desire to succeed c. resentment d. hostility

a. fear

The 1960s era of Sport Psychology was known for: a. first attempt to form professional organizations of sport psychology b. acceptance of sport psychology as a separate subdiscipline within kinesiology c. its failure to have any individuals doing applied work with teams d. all of the above

a. first attempt to form professional organizations of sport psychology

The most important role of the coach in the autonomous phase is to: a. maintain motivation b. clearly describe basics of skill learning c. provide corrective feedback as frequently as possible d. prepare the athlete for initial competitive experience

a. maintain motivation

A good time to do major error correction for athletes in the autonomous phase is during the: a. off-season b. pre-season c. competition season d. any time possible

a. off-season

All of the following are key indicators of intrinsic motivation EXCEPT: a. participation in an activity is seen as a means to an end b. participation in an activity because he/she personally values the benefits c. participation because of a love for the game d. participation in the activity is done for its own sake and not for money or social recognition

a. participation in an activity is seen as a means to an end

The most effective use of "reward power" is: a. to strengthen skills an athlete is just beginning to master b. to give attention to particular athletes that the coach feels has the most potential c. show the coaches influence over the team d. reinforce everything an athlete does correctly

a. to strengthen skills an athlete is just beginning to master

Operant conditioning deals with all of the following EXCEPT: a. antecedents b. Pavlov conditioning c. operant conditioning d. punishment e. positive reinforcement

b. Pavlov conditioning

The three phases of motor skill learning are described as: a. distinct transitions b. a continuum c. separate intervals all lasting the same time d. covering different learning phases only for the beginner athlete

b. a continuum

Ego can impair performance in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a. cause the athlete to select sport task too easy or too difficult b. decreased motivation c. regular and high levels of anxiety d. lack of trying when failure is looming

b. decreased motivation

One general goal of sport psychology interventions is to: a. investigate deep issues and past memories that shape the athlete's personality b. develop the ideal mental climate to allow athlete to perform best c. confront the athlete about an issue in a group setting with teammates involved d. gain all information about physical abilities of athletes and apply it

b. develop the ideal mental climate to allow athlete to perform best

The positive approach is aimed at: a. measuring improvement by avoidance of mistakes b. fostering a more positive learning environment c. giving feedback only when needed (during a positive occurrence) d. a and b

b. fostering a more positive learning environment

All of the following describe when to use the "whole method" EXCEPT: a. if the athletes have a long enough attention span b. if the skill might be dangerous c. if the skill is not too complicated d. if the athletes are capable and highly motivated

b. if the skill might be dangerous

Returning a pass in a volleyball game is a ______ skill and taking a free-throw shot is a ______ skill. a. constant/variable b. open/closed c. responsive/automated d. closed/open

b. open/closed

______ refers to when the perceived structure of the environment can make it more or less likely that a particular goal state is manifested in training or competition. a. Environmental factors of motivation b. Motivational aspects of surroundings c. Motivational climate d. Motivational setting

c. Motivational climate

The following are various processes in which coaches can develop a motor program EXCEPT: a. verbally describing key elements of skills b. providing visual demonstrations c. expecting the beginners to attend to external events like positions of other teammates d. all of the above

c. expecting the beginners to attend to external events like positions of other teammates

Those who participate in sport due to feelings of having to play: a. extrinsically motivated b. amotivated c. introjected regulation d. none of the above

c. introjected regulation

The sandwhich approach to providing feedback occurs in what order? a. error correction, reinforcement, motivation b. reinforecement, motivation, error correction c. reinforcement, error correction, motivation d. motivation, error correction, reinforcement

c. reinforcement, error correction, motivation

According to self-determination theory, which of the following is NOT a key need for self-determination? a. all are needed for self-determination b. feelings of competence c. teammates' levels of intrinsic motivation d. connections with others e. autonomy

c. teammates' levels of intrinsic motivation

Achievement goal theory states: a. difference in goal perspectives are critical antecedents to variations in behavior b. motivated athletes rate their self-efficacy towards a goal/task orientation based on their achievement c. two central achievement goal perspectives are task and ego d. all of the above

c. two central achievement goal perspectives are task and ego

A head lifeguard sets up training for dry land, open water, and pool practice which allows each assistant lifeguard to prepare for all possibilities. This technique is described as: a. constant practice b. all-conditions practice c. variable practice d. rigorous practice

c. variable practice

_____ refers to the pattern and frequency in which reinforcement is administered. a. Antecedent frequency b. Schedule of operant conditioning c. Pattern reinforcement d. Schedule of reinforcement

d. Schedule of reinforcement

All of the following answers make this statement true with the EXCEPTION of: Those who succeed through aversive control usually do so because: a. they are able to communicate caring for their players as people, so that the abuse is not "taken personally" b. they have very talented athletes c. they are such skilled teachers and strategists that these abilities overshadow their negative approach d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Exercise and health psychology deals with: a. psychological effects of over-training b. factors influencing exercise participation c. injury and injury rehabilitation d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The priority of most coaches is to: a. Create a good learning situation where athletes can acquire the technical skills needed to succeed as individuals and as a team b. Build a team which will be successful working together c. Create a social environment where participants can experience positive interactions d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which is a function of feedback? a. motivation b. reinforcement c. error correction information d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which phase describes the athlete that can perform the skill at a maximal level of proficiency? a. advanced phase b. elite phase c. associative phase d. autonomous phase

d. autonomous phase

The practice technique that produces better acquisition of skills, but poorer long-term learning is: a. varied practice b. deliberate practice c. random practice d. blocked practice

d. blocked practice

A person's judgment of their competence and how they perceive success: a. introjected regulation b. self-confidence c. motivational climate d. goal perspective

d. goal perspective

Behavior that is undertaken not out of free choice but as a means to an end, with no pleasure, is described as: a. introjected regulation b. external regulation c. amotivation d. identified regulation

d. identified regulation

An individual who participates in sport for its own sake is: a. using introjected regulation b. externally motived c. amotivated d. intrinsically motivated

d. intrinsically motivated

What is the role of the coach during the cognitive phase? a. explain skill to athletes, but do not let them practice until the learning phase b. maintain standards by which the athlete understands the requirements c. give minimal feedback d. keep instruction short and concise

d. keep instruction short and concise

The duration of the associated phase is: a. as long as the cognitive phase b. 3 months c. shorter than the cognitive phase d. none of the above

d. none of the above

The quality of motivation is inferred by the athlete's: a. sustained and positive and healthy engagement in the sport b. interaction with their coaches c. psychological and physiological benefits associated with sport involvement d. all of the above e. a and c

e. a and c

The associated phase describes: a. refinement b. eliminating extraneous movement c. replacing visual control by proprioreceptive control d. movement becomes more automated e. all of the above

e. all of the above