chapter 1

5 aspects of living organism

1. Metabolic processes; 2. Generative processes; 3. Responsive processes; 4. Control processes; 5. Unique structural organization

Pseudoscience

appears rea and fact based, but it does not follow the scientific method

psuedoscience

appears to be science but has not been validated or supported through the appropriate scientific channels; _____ has been defined as claims presented so that they appear to be scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility

Branches of biological science

botany, anatomy, physiology, microbiology, zoology, mycology

Quantative

data that deals with numbers and is measurable, such as length, mass, ages, and temperature; scientific observations use _______ data

Nonscience

does not exhibit a cause and effect relationship

Nonscience

does not follow the scientific method and is based on opinion rather than facts and data; ______ might accept an assumption as a fact

Science

follows the scientific method, which is a sequence of steps that allows for objective research

Reliable

give the same results repeatedly

Exploration of alternative resources

go to the library to obtain information about this observation; talk to others who are interested in the same problem; visit, email, or phone others or browse the web to help determin if your question is a good on or if others have already explored the topic

Single blind experiment

if the researchers know which individuals in the groups receive the experimental drug or the placebo, but the subjects in the group do not, this is termed a ________

Scientific law formation/ testing

if your findings are seen to fit with other major blocks of information that tie together many different kinds of scientific information, they will be recognized by the scientific community as being consistent with current scientific body of knowledge

Placebo

in some experiments, the control group would receive a ______, often referred to as a sugar piill because it does not contain anything that would affect the outcome of the experiment; when a _____ is used versus a drug treatment, there are different types of experiments that can be used

Domain

living organisms are classified into the largest, broadest classification known as the _____; there are three _______: eukaryotic, eubacteria, and archaea

Valid

meaningful, convincing, sound, satisfactory, confirmed by others

Valid

meaningful, fit with other knowledge

Scientific method steps

observation, question formation, exploration of alternative resources, hypothesis formation, test hypothesis experimentation, theory formation/ test theory, scientific law formation/ test law

Qualitative

observations and data that deal with descriptions, such as appearance, smell, and taste, but cannot be measured; measures the "quality" of an object

Hypothesis

often, scientists try to disprove a ______; if it cannot be disproven, it is supported; it is a stronger argument to disprove something than just to show it works via cause and effect

Organ systems

organs work together to form _________

Observation

recognize something has happened and that it occurs repatedly

Theory formation/ test theory

repeat the experiment and share information with others over a long period of time; should your information continue to be considered valid and consistent with other closely related research, the scientific community will recognize that a theory has been established or that your information is consistent with existing theories

Test hypothesis/ experimentation

set up an experiment that will allow you to test your hypothesis, using a control group and an experimental group; be sure to collect and analyze the data carefully

Taxonomy

taxonomy- the science of classifying living things is known as _______

Scientific method

the _____ is a way of gaining information about the world by forming possible solutions to questions following rigorous testing to determine if the proposed solutinons are valid

Acellular

the _____ or noncellualr agents do not display the cellular level or organization; _____ microbes are all obligate intracellular parasites, which means they are infections agents that can function only when inside a living cell; because of their unusual characterists, theyare not members of any of the three domains; members of htsi group include viruses, the viroids, and prions

Control group

the ______ does not receive the treatment being tested and serves as a refrence or comparison group

Cell

the ______ performs all functiosn for life, such as processing energy, secretion and reproduction

Experimental group

the _______ is exposed to the variable that is being tested

Independent variable

the _______ is the variable being studied; it is the variable that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent variable

the _________ is the one being measured

Energy

the ability to do work or cause things to move

Infectious diseases

the germ theory of dieases sttes that certain diseases, called ______, are caused by microorganisms capable of being transmitted from one individual to another

Organsism

the largest unit of life is the ______ formed from all of the systems working together

Induction/ inductive reasoning

the process of developing general principles from the examination of many sets of specific facts is called _______

Zoology

the study of animals

Physiology

the study of function—how something works

Mycology

the study of fungi

Question formation

write many different kinds of questions about the observations, evaluate the questions and keep the ones that will be answerable

Critical thinking attributes

1. Be open minded and willing to explore alternatives; 2. Continually explore the literature for additional information on the subject; 3. Do not simply accept the conclusions of others but question their credibility; 4. Differentiate conclusions, reasons, and assumptions; 5. Formulate and provide substantiated, experimental evidene for conclusions; 6. Critically evaluate the work of others; 7. Formulate questions that lead to appropriate answers; 8. Formulate testable hypothesis; 9. Have a command of the language used in the field of investigation; 10. See links between the many aspects of a problem

Scientific method assumptions

1. There are specific causes for events observed in the natural world; 2. Causes can be identified; 3. General rules or patterns can be used to describe what happens in nature; 4. An event that occurs repeatedly probably has the same cause; 5. What one person perceives can be perceived by others; 6. The same fundamental rules of nature apply regardless of where and when they occur

Generative processes

_____ are reactions that result in an increase in the size of an indivudal organism—growth; or na increase in the number of individuals in a population of organisms—reproduction

Prokaryotic cells

______ are ancient cells and do not have a well defined nucleus; bacteria nad archaea are examples of _______

Metabolic processes

______ are the total of all chemical reactiosn taking place within an organism; there are three essential aspects of ______: 1. Nutrient uptake, 2. Nutrient processing, and 3. Waste elimination; all living things expend energy to take in nutreients and energy from their environment

Precise

______ data are exact data, that is, the experimental research results that occur the same, time after time

Science

______ exhibits a cause and effect relationship

Eukaryotic cells

______ have a membrane- bound nucleus and many organelles; animal, plant, fungi, and protists are all ______

Physical sciences

______ investigate the properties of matter and energy

Science

______ is actually a process or way of arriving at a solution to a problem or understanding na event in nature that involves testing possible solutions; the study of ____ is often classified as the study of the physical sciences and the biological sciences

Adaptation

______ is also an individual response, but is slower since it requires the activation of genetic information; for example, when a person moves from sea level to a high altitude, he or she may initially suffer from altitude sickness or experience shortness of breath; after some time, the person's ability to carry oxygen in the blood increases because more red blood cells are produced, and the symptoms go away

Unicellular

______ organsims are single celled organsims, many of these are bacteria and protists

Accurate

_______ data refers to experimental results that confirm to the facts and deviate only slightly or within acceptable limits from a standard

Biological sciesces

_______ investigate living organisms

Anecdotal evidence

_______ is not considered scientific, because it is based on personal experiences rather than solid evidence; _______ might be that individuals using a certain toothpaste had fewer cavities

Critical thinking

_______ is reasonable, reflective thinking that focuses on deciding what to do or believe

Conclusions

________ are a summary of the research and experiments

Irritability

________ is an individiual's rapid response to a stimulus (i.e. knee jerk reflex); this type of response occurs only in the individual receiving the stimulus and is rapid because the mechanism that allows the response to occur

Empirical evidence

________ is capable of being verified or disproved by further observation; ______ would measure the number of cavities and assess if the toothpaste was more protective against cavities and provide data

Hypothesis

a _____ is a possible answer to a question or observation; a ____ sometimes is described as an educated guess based on observations, not a random guess

Null hypothesis

a _____ states that there is no significant difference between any two groups; if this is disproven, you know there are significant differences between groups as a result of some variable

Scientific law

a ______ is a uniform or constant rule of nature that describes how something happens; this biogenetic law, which states that all living things come from preexisting living things, is an example

Double blind experiment

a ______ is when neither the researchers nor the subjects know if they are receiving the placebo or the experimental drug; a ________ is better because it eliminates any bias from the researchers

Theory

a _______ is a plausible, scientifically acceptable generalization that results from years of questioning, experimentation, and data collection; ______ continue to be tested; new experients nad data might not support the ______; if this occurs, the _____ is midified, a new hypothesis is formed and scientific experiments are conducted, resulting in the formation of new conclusions and possible new theories

Statement

a hypothesis is written as a _______, not as a question

Assumption

an ____ is something that you think might be true but is not tested

Hyperplasia

an increase in cell number is termed ________

Hypertrophy

an increase in cell size is termed __________

Matter

anything that has mass nad takes up space

Organelles

cells consist of smaller structures known as _____; each ____ has a specific function

Controlled variable

other variables that might affect the outcome of the experiment are called _______; these are things you want to control by either elimating or reducing their probable interaction in the experiment

Branches of physical science

physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy

Hypothesis formation

pose a possible answer to your question; be sure that it is testable and that it accounts for all the known information; recognize that your hypothesis may be wrong

Physics

the study of matter, energy, and the relationships between them

Microbiology

the study of microbes

Botany

the study of plants

Astronomy

the study of space and the universe

Anatomy

the study of structures

Chemistry

the study of the composition, reactions, and properties of matter

Geology

the study of the earth's crust nad rock

Responsive processes

the three types of ______ have been identified as irritability, individual adaptation, and population adaptation

Domains

today, biologisys recognize the two basic cell types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic and three large categories of living things called ______

Multicellular

when an organism contains many cells, it is termed _______

Tissues

when cells work thogether they form ________; there are four _____ in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Deduction/ deductive reasoning

when general principles are used to predict the specific facts of a situation, the process is called ________

Organs

when two or mor tissues combine they form larger units termed _____