Chapter 1

Place the following hypotheses about bipedalism in chronological order of when they were proposed in history.

-Bipedalism is linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground. -The first hominins arose in the open grasslands of Africa from an extinct ape that was arboreal. -Early hominins became bipedal while living in woodlands & spent a lot of time in trees, holding on to branches, moving from limb to limb.

What did Franz Boas contribute to the field of anthropology?

-Boas trained the first generation of American academic anthropologists -Boas brought together different perspectives in the study of human societies -Boas laid the foundation for the use of the scientific in anthropology

Which of the following are the six key attributes that make humans unique among living primates?

-bipedalism -non honing chewing -speech - complex material culture & tool use -habitual & intensive hunting -dependance on domesticated foods for most populations

Which of the following things do biological anthropologists study?

-the social behavior of nonhuman primates -bones & teeth -the origins of language & speech -genetic history

Approximately how many genes does the human genome include?

20,000-25,000

What did the dinosaur half of the fossil turn out to be?

A new species named micro-raptor

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

A theory is an explanation that has been carefully examined and tested.

Which of the following made it possible for this scientist to make the facial reconstruction of George Washington?

All of these options were used

How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?

Biocultural anthropology studies the interrelationship between culture and what humans have inherited genetically. Cultural anthropology studies diverse cultures and societies.

Human brains are ________ and have _________ complex analytical skills than the brains of other animals.

Blank 1: bigger Blank 2: more

Anthropology differs from other disciplines in its commitment to the notion that, unlike other animals, humans are_____________.

Blank 1: both cultural & biological

The three other subfields in anthropology ____________ biological anthropology, because anthropology focuses on the ____________.

Blank 1: complement Blank 2: biocultural approach

A disadvantaged _________, such as one in which infants & children do not have access to high-quality food, can result in _________ __________ consequences such as poor health, reduced growth & height, & shortened life expectancy.

Blank 1: social environment Blank 2: negative Blank 3: biological

Why is the research done at the University of Tennessee's Anthropological Research Facility (known as the Body Farm) important?

Correct Answers: -The research assists law enforcement officials & forensic anthropologists with murder investigations -The research fills a void in anthropological knowledge -The research assists bioarchaelogists to interpret human remains found in archaeological sites.

What can human bones and teeth found in archaeological sites tell us about people?

Correct Answers: -personal life experiences -age at death -sex -diet -stressors

Which of the following statements describes why the study of primate behavior & morphology is a part of biological anthropology?

Describes Why: Primates are our nearest biological relatives

Which of the following are examples of anthropological pursuits?

Examples of Anthropological Pursuits: -fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European explorers documenting how people from other continents looked, talked, dressed, and behaved -modern-day scientists digging up skeletal remains dating from the 1500s and 1600s at Mission Santa Catalina de Guale -modern-day scientists collecting plant and animal remains from places where people lived in the past -modern-day scientists studying how the people who currently live in the Andes Mountains respond to low oxygen and extreme cold -early scholars evaluating the relationships between humans living in Europe and those encountered in distant places Not Examples of Anthropological Pursuits: -scientists studying dinosaurs and how they lived

True/False: Although different academic disciplines, anthropology & history both study people from the same perspective.

False

True/False: Anthropology is the study of past peoples and cultures.

False

True/False: Darwin's theory regarding the origin of bipedalism was ultimately accepted and remains central to our thinking about human evolution today.

False

True/False: Human beings are the only animal that have/can employ material culture.

False

True/False: Science is limited to the knowledge of facts about the natural world.

False

True/False: Scientists call the evidence that they gather information.

False

True/False: The physical appearance of hominins & their descendants, including modern humans, has not changed over the past 6-8 million years.

False

True/False: There are six branches,/subdisciplines, of anthropology.

False

The study of physical anthropology varies in that some physical anthropologists study:

Human Remains

What makes human learning particularly unique?

Humans pass information & culture from generation to generation

Place the following steps in order.

Hypotheses is formed Hypothesis is tested. Observations are explained. Results of future investigations are predicted. Theory is accepted.

Sort the following answers based on whether/not they are included in the study of anthropology.

Included in Study of Anthropology: -uncovering & identifying remains of victims of disasters -studying the shape & form of pots from different prehistoric tribes in Africa Not Included in Study of Anthropology: -studying the biology of a succulent plant species -studying chemical bonds between atoms within the human body

Why is the identification of this fraud a good example of science in action?

It demonstrates science's self-correcting nature.

There is a hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground in the grasslands of Africa. Which of the following is true about this hypothesis?

It has been rejected recently subsequent to new fossil evidence.

Which of the following is true about the scientific method?

It involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.

What does it mean to say that science is empirical?

It is based on evidence.

Why is the hyoid bone important to the study of anthropology?

It provides information about the vocal structure of hominins.

What was Charles Darwin's hypothesis about the origin of bipedalism?

It was caused by the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground.

Why is bipedalism considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution?

It was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.

Your biological makeup is strongly influenced by your physical, social, & cultural environment. What does physical environment refer to in this context? (Select all that apply)

Part(s) of Physical Environment: -the climate you live in -the day-to-day physical activities you have to engage in -the diseases you are exposed to -medication your mother took when you were in the womb -your access to food & other resources

Why is physical anthropology considered an interdisciplinary science?

Physical anthropologists often incorporate other fields of study such as chemistry or geology to facilitate their research.

Which of the following are subjects of scientific laws?

Subjects of Scientific Laws -gravity -thermodynamics -motion Not Subjects of Scientific Laws -evolution

After AD 1000, the people of St. Catherines Island acquired corn agriculture, and farming became the mainstay of their diet. What physical changes did this cause?

They became shorter and had smaller skulls and limb bones, more dental disease, and more infections.

What kind of primate is this and what is it doing?

This is an ape called a chimpanzee using a simple tool made out of a stick to fish for termites.

True/False: Biological anthropologists use the term hominins to refer to the taxonomic group that includes bipedal human & humanlike ancestors, excluding living nonhuman primates

True

True/False: Bipedalism is the term for walking on two feet.

True

What is true about social learning?

True Statements about Social Learning: -Social learning allows humans to pass on information over generations -Social learning has led to a human dependency on culture for survival

Watch the research video "Fossil Fraud" & answer the question that follows.

Two new species were identified from the fossils that were used to build the composite.

What can be learned from studying a population through time?

We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.

What is a hypothesis?

a testable statement that could potentially explain specific phenomena observed in the natural world

Physical anthropologists study what type of science?

biological and social

Forensic anthropology is the scientific examination of skeletons in hope of identifying who they were in life and what happened to them. To which of the following branches, or subdisciplines, of anthropology does forensic anthropology belong?

biological anthropology

Match each branch,/subdiscipline, of anthropology to its description.

biological anthropology-the study of the evolution, variation, & adaptation of humans & their past & present relatives linguistic anthropology-the study of the construction, use, & form of language in human populations. cultural anthropology-the study of modern human societies through the analysis of the development & variation of culture. archaeology-the study of historic/prehistoric human populations through the analysis of artifacts & other material remains.

Place which falls under either biological science or social science.

biological science-A biological anthropologist compares the teeth of a skeleton to police dental records to identify the remains of the deceased. social science-A biological anthropologist asks her study subjects to report how they breast feed their babies. biological science-A biological anthropologist collects samples to obtain genetic information from the feces of a gorilla. social science-A biological anthropologist conducts interviews about how individuals in a family divide up food for each meal. biological science-A biological anthropologist measures the bones of an early hominin. social science-A biological anthropologist considers how a disease spreads based on how often family members interact.

What makes us human?

biology, culture, and behavior

Physical anthropologists view how humans come to be the way they are as the result of:

both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories.

How can a bioarchaeologist determine where someone grew up?

by analyzing the isotopes from their tooth enamel

Watch the Anthropology Matters video "The Anthropology of Decay" & answer the question that follows.

by analyzing the isotopes from their tooth enamel.

What did Boas propose that anthropologists could learn about through careful observations and attention?

cultures, societies, and peoples' biology

Which of the following key attributes of human uniqueness developed after 10,000 to 11,000 years ago?

dependence on domesticated food

There are six aspects of humanity that together define humans as different from other primates. Of these, which are unique to humans and not found in other primates?

domestication of plants and animals

The study of physical anthropology varies in that some physical anthropologists study:

extinct and living species of primates.

Primates are a group of mammals that have:

fingernails and forward-facing eyes

To be called a forensic anthropologist, what must a scientist do?

focus on skeletal analysis of individuals

From which specialty within biological/physical anthropology was the scientist who made the facial reconstruction of George Washington?

forensic anthropology

Which of the following is Franz Boas known for?

his union of the study of culture, language, and biology, and the founding of American anthropology

An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says that you will travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What, primarily, do you expect to learn during this field school?

how to excavate and study material culture

What is the difference between the type of hunting that most other animals (nonhumans) do? Match the descriptions to the appropriate group.

humans-They may travel long distances to reach their preferred prey. nonhuman animals-Tools are generally not used to kill. humans-Hunting is a highly organized activity. nonhuman animals-Hunting is mostly an individual activity.

Which part of the human anatomy has a unique morphology (shape) that allows humans the ability to produce speech?

hyoid bone

A scientific _____ does not address larger questions about why a natural action takes place.

law

Which of the following is one of the benefits of this project?

location of remains of Holocaust victims in Europe, which are then brought to their relatives.

What is human production of stone or lithic tools an example of?

material culture

Place the steps of the scientific method in order

observations, hypothesis, predictions, test

Biological anthropology is also known as _______ anthropology.

physical

Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans?

physical anthropology

What are the four branches of anthropology?

physical anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

What about a disadvantaged social environment would physical anthropologists focus on in their research?

poor-quality nutrition available to infants and children

A central focus of research at the Body Farm concerns decomposition, which is mainly comprised of two processes: autolysis & putrefaction. Identify which of the following are characteristics of autolysis, putrefaction, or both

putrefaction-breakdown of tissues by microorganisms. autolysis-breakdown of cells within the high-carbon-dioxide environment of the body. both-rate is dependent on environmental factors.

How did Boas lay the foundation for scientific anthropology?

relying on the scientific method

Match the following terms to their definitions

scientific hypothesis-a testable statement that attempts to explain an observation in the natural world. scientific law-a statement of irrefutable truth regarding some action/actions that occur in the natural world. scientific theory-an explanation as to why a natural phenomenon takes place.

The honing canine tooth is used by nonhuman primates to ______.

shred tough food

Through which of the following activities do archaeologists differentiate themselves from other anthropologists?

studying past human societies by focusing mostly on their material remains

Franz Boas studied which of the following?

the Inuit (Eskimos) of Baffin Island

Which of the following is a possible limitation the project faces?

the race to gather samples from aging population of Holocaust survivors

Which of the following is a good description of what physical anthropologists do?

use bones and other materials to study a diversity of ancient and living human populations and primates

Tiffiny Tung discusses how bioarchaeologists attempt to determine which of the following in their research?

what people's life experiences were like