Chapter 1 (all chapters and quiz q's)

According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:

All of the above

Which statement regarding increases in cognitive abilities is false?

Increase in cog abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain

Which statement regarding increase in cognitive ability is false?

Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain.

Which of the following statements is consistent with Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Individuals progress through stages based on biological readiness in addition to increasing environmental demands.

What thought process helps adolescents appreciate the sarcasm and satire of Family Guy and The Simpsons?

multidimensional thinking

3 major physical changes of puberty

-Adolescence of growth spurt -Development of primary sex characteristics (gonads) -Development of secondary sex characteristics (breasts, pubic hair)

adolescents who score higher than their peers on an IQ test will probably:

continue to score higher

Renee, a 6-year-old, is unable to answer the question, "How are a motorcycle and a bicycle alike?" Mohammed, a 17-year-old, answers the same question by saying, "They are both types of transportation." What statement about Renee and Mohammed is most true?

?

Steve gets all As in his course work but has a hard time relating to the real world. According to Sternberg, Steve is above average in _____ intelligence but below average in _____ intelligence.

?

The improvements in organizational strategies seen in adolescence include all but:

?

Which of the following terms applies more to adolescent thought than to childhood thought?

?

According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents:

? A.Have thinking processes that are still predominately preoperational B.have dif values and priorities than adults C.wish to assert their independence from adults in every possible way

___________ theorists believe that changes in cognitive abilities appearing during adolescence are qualitative, whereas __________ theorists believe they are quantitative.

cognitive-development; information processing

Sternberg's "triarchic theory of intelligence" proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of "intelligence":

componential, experimental, and contextual

Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?

hypothetical thinking

Fifteen year old Hermoine is able to write a much more complex answer than a 10 year old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantage and disadvantage of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think:

in multiple dimensions

Which of the following brain system is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards?

limbic system

Juan is 4.5 years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in?

pre operational

Juan is 4.5 years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in?

preoperational

When the teacher asks a question in class, students raise their hand to answer. This example illustrates:

social conventional behavior

All of the following are ways that scientist study brain maturation except:

using fMRI technology to measure event-related potential in response to different stimuli or events.

What was one of the results of the Guyer and colleagues' (2009) study, where teenagers were imaged with fMRI equipment while they thought they were participating in a networking task with other teenagers (in reality, the study was rigged such that they were automatically provided with positive or negative feedback)?

when the adolescents were told that other tees were interested in them , areas in their brain receptive to reward was activated.

All of the following are themes that have emerged from research studies that investigate different aspects of social cognition during adolescence except:

with age, all adolescents increasingly reject the authority of adults by challenging and dismissing the morals established by their parents

Which of the following statements about social cognition is false?

Adolescents are less likely to see that social rules are subjective.

Triggers of Puberty

-presence of mature sexual partners -nutritional resources -physically mature enough to begin reproducing -Leptin: protein produced by fat cells, must accumulate enough body fat, rising levels of leptin signal hypothalamus to stop inhibiting puberty -Adrenarche: maturation of adrenal glands leads to physical (somatic) changes

Endocrine System

-produces, regulates, circulates hormones in the body

Organizing role: Paternal hormones

-program the brain to be masculine or feminine -behavior due to this organization may not appear till adolescence (ex: sex dif. in aggression)

ES: hormones

-substance secreted by endocrine glands

context affect

-timing of physical changes in adolescence varies by regions of the world, socioeconomic class, ethnic group, historical era -ex: menarche (first menstruation): US average 12 yrs Lumi (New Guinea) average is 18yrs

ES: Glands

-organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways

puberty

-period of lifespan in which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction -hormones regulated by the endocrine system lead to physical changes -NO new hormones, bodily systems develop at puberty

ES: Hormonal feedback loop

-HPG axis: -Hypothalamus -pituitary gland (master) -Gonads (testes and ovaries) *gonads release sex hormones into bloodstream(androgen and estrogen)*

Adolescence of growth spurt

-Rapid acceleration in growth (height and weight) -simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgen -Peak height velocity (time that adolescent is growing most quickly) -average female growth spurt is 2 years earlier than the average male growth spurt -Epiphysis: closing of ends of long bones

end of puberty muscle-to-fat ratio:

-boys: 3 to 1 -girls: 5 to 4

Sexual maturation in boys

-fairly orderly sequence -

Activating role:

-increase in certain hormones at puberty activates physical changes (ex: secondary sex characteristics)

Development of secondary sex characteristics

-measured in boys and girls by tanner stages -changes include: growth of pubic hair, changes in appearance of sex organs, breast development

Who of the following is probably an adolescent (and not a child)?

? A.Maryann, who believes that people have complete control over their thoughts B.Matthew, who believes that it is very possible to go for a long period of time without thinking of anything C.Frank, who appraises his reading comprehension before starting the next chapter.

Which of the following is not relatively stable during adolescence?

?... A.intelligence B.height C.mental abilities

In addition to an increase in responsiveness to stress, changes in the _____ may also help explain why adolescents' concerns about what their peers think increase during this time.

?... A.prefrontal cortex B.dorsalateral prefrontal cortex C.limbic system

One explanation for the risk-taking peak that is observed in adolescence is that:

?... could be A.adoles. are not aware of the risks associated with certain behaviors B.adol. are relatively higher in sensation seeking and impulse than children and adults

Joyce believes that scores on intelligence tests are relatively stable in adolescence, and as a result of this stability believes that scores are fixed. Do you agree with Joyce's logic?

No, intelligence score are stable, however, they are not fixed

NOTE

Note: changes due to an interaction between the organizational effects of hormones and the activational effects of hormones. - also research that suggests that hormonal changes at puberty may be related to changes in adolescents' preference for highly rewarding, sensation-seeking activities (e.g., risky behavior)

Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk taking?

behavioral decision theory

While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of:

divided attention

Jane, an adolescent, can attribute her improved planning skills to developments in her ______ and she can attribute her gut-level, intuitive decision making to her ______.

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex

According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is:

driving w/ other teens in the car

Compared to children and adults, adolescents:

engage in greater amount of risky behaviors in the real world.

Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypothesis. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at?

formal operations

Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects:

may continue present thruout the adolescent and adult years

The ability to think about one's own thought is called

metacognition

The ability to think about one's own thoughts is called:

metacognition

What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors?

sensation seeking

According to the textbook, a good deal of adolescent's risk taking takes place in context in which:

they are unsupervised by adults and exposed to peers who encourage risky behaviors

With age, adolescents develop a more sophisticated theory of mind, which is the ability to:

understand that others have beliefs, intentions and knowledge that may be dif from others