Chapter 1 Business Ethics
Identify the third stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.
"Good boy/nice girl" orientation
Laurie decides to cancel an important meeting with John, her boss, because she wants to go on a trip with her family members to please them. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, this scenario exemplifies _____.
"good boy/nice girl" orientation
Which of the following is true of individuals in the fourth stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
They become increasingly conscious of their membership in a society and the prevalence of codes of behavior.
Arrange the steps of the three-step process for solving ethical problems in the correct order. (Place the first step at the top.)
Top: Analyzing the consequences Middle: Analyzing the actions Bottom: Making a decision
At the _____ level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, an individual makes a clear effort to outline moral values and principles that mirror an individual value system rather than simply reflecting a group position.
postconventional
In the second stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person focuses on _____.
satisfying his or her own needs
A(n) ___________ ___________ is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer. (Enter one word in each blank.)
Blank 1: ethical Blank 2: dilemma or dilemmas
The idea of ___________ ___________ refers to the gray area in which one's ethical principles are defined by the traditions of one's society, personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment. (Enter one word in each blank.)
Blank 1: ethical Blank 2: relativism
__________ is the manner by which people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior, in both how they think and behave toward others and how they would like others to think and behave toward them.
Ethics
True or false: A problem with the approach of utilitarianism to ethics is the notion that the actions taken to achieve an outcome are more crucial than the outcome itself.
False
_____ is the second stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.
Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange orientation
In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, which of the following is true of the preconventional level?
It is the lowest level of moral development.
Which of the following is the first stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
Obedience and punishment orientation
Which of the following is the last stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
Universal ethical principle orientation
Phil has an ethical dilemma: he can either tell his friend about a secret that affects the friend's life, or he can respect the secret and keep it to himself. He decides that he would like to be a person who can be trusted with secrets; hence, he keeps the information to himself. In this scenario, which of the following does Phil's action exemplify?
Virtue ethics
According to Arthur Dobrin, which of the following are questions that must be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma? (Check all that apply.)
What does the problem look like through the eyes of the people involved? What are the facts? What do one's feelings tell oneself? What do the facts mean?
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a model of six distinct stages of _____.
ethical reasoning
Samantha believes that it is not wrong to cheat in a class test because it will help her pass the subject. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, Samantha is in the _____ stage.
individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
During a playdate, Anna, a five-year-old, stops herself from speaking rudely to her friend because her mother says that it is wrong to be rude. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, Anna is in the _____.
obedience and punishment orientation stage
During a playdate, Anna, a five-year-old, stops herself from speaking rudely to her friend because her mother says that it is wrong to be rude. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, Anna is in the _____. Multiple choice question.
obedience and punishment orientation stage
Mira is wondering whether she should tell Michael, her colleague, that he is going to be suspended because of his lack of attention to detail. She decides that she should tell him because, if she were in a similar situation, she would want someone to tell her about such information. In this scenario, Mira has acted based on the principle of _____.
the Golden Rule
Mira is wondering whether she should tell Michael, her colleague, that he is going to be suspended because of his lack of attention to detail. She decides that she should tell him because, if she were in a similar situation, she would want someone to tell her about such information. In this scenario, Mira has acted based on the principle of _____.
the Golden rule
Shaun, a high school graduate, loves economics and wants to study it in college. However, both his parents are doctors and want him to become one too. As a result, Shaun decides to pursue a medical degree in college to please his parents. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, this scenario exemplifies _____.
"good boy/nice girl" orientation
___________ ___________ is the quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not.
Blank 1: Intrinsic Blank 2: value
The study of how ethical theories are put into practice is called ___________ ___________.
Blank 1: applied Blank 2: ethics
___________ ___________ refers to looking at the information available to people in resolving an ethical dilemma and drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to their own ethical standards.
Blank 1: Ethical Blank 2: reasoning
The principle that states that people must do unto others as they would have others do unto them is called the ___________ ___________.
Blank 1: Golden Blank 2: Rule
Originally attributed to German philosopher Immanuel Kant, ___________ ___________ argues that actions should be taken out of duty and obligation to a purely moral ideal, rather than based on the needs of a situation, since the universal principles are seen to apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time.
Blank 1: universal Blank 2: ethics
Originally attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, ___________ ___________ refers to a concept of living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal—what sort of person would I like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person?
Blank 1: virtue Blank 2: ethics
Originally attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, __________ _________refers to a concept of living one's life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal—what sort of person would I like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person?
Blank 1: virtue Blank 2: ethics
Identify the questions that must be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma as recognized by Arthur Dobrin. (Check all that apply.)
Can one explain and justify one's decision to others? What can one guess about the facts that one does not know? What will happen if one chooses one thing rather than another? What will one think of oneself if one decides one thing or another?
In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, identify a true statement about the social contract legalistic orientation stage.
A person focuses on individual rights and the development of standards based on critical examination.
__________ __________is the quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not. (Enter one word in each blank.)
First Blank: Intrinsic Second Blank: Value
A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior is known as a(n) __________ __________. (Enter one word in each blank.)
First Blank: Value Second Blank: System
Which of the following is the second level in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
The conventional level
If individuals ask their friends and family what ethics means to them, they are likely to arrive at some basic categories of ethics. Identify these categories. (Check all that apply.)
Universal ethics
Joel is facing an ethical dilemma at work: he can either report a blatant error in his colleague's file to the supervisor, or he can cover up his colleague's mistake. Joel decides that he is obligated to a purely moral ideal; hence, he reports the error to the supervisor. In this scenario, which of the following ethical theories does Joel most likely exemplify?
Universal ethics
True or false: An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is a clear right decision and a clear wrong decision.
false
True or false: Applied ethics is the theory of how people conduct themselves as individuals and as a community in order to live a good and moral life.
false
True or false: The idea of ethical relativism implies strict black-and-white rules as opposed to a degree of flexibility.
false
true or false: Applied ethics is the theory of how people conduct themselves as individuals and as a community in order to live a good and moral life.
false
In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person focuses on self-chosen ethical principles that are found to be exhaustive and consistent in the _____.
universal ethical principle orientation stage
Originally proposed by Scottish philosopher David Hume, the approach to ethics in which there is a focus on the actions that result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people is called ___________.
utilitarianism
The term _____ refers to a set of personal principles by which an individual aims to live his or her life.
value
Pauline believes that it is not wrong to take her friend Jack's car without his permission because she needs the car to pick up her parents from the airport. Which of the following stages of ethical reasoning proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg does this scenario exemplify?
Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange
_____ is the fourth stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.
Law-and-order orientation
If individuals ask their friends and family what ethics means to them, they are likely to arrive at some basic categories of ethics. In this context, match the categories of ethics (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
Rules of appropriate individual behavior - They embody the idea that the moral standards individuals develop for themselves impact their behavior and decisions on a daily basis. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society - They remind that individuals must eventually bring their personal value system into a world that is shared with people who will most likely have both similar and different value systems.
Identify the examples that have an intrinsic value. (Check all that apply.)
Self-respect Health Happiness
Identify the fifth stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning.
Social contract legalistic orientation
In the context of ethics, match the key terms (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).
Society - It refers to a structured community of people bound together by similar customs and traditions. Culture - It refers to a specific set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals. Value system - It refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior.
Jack is wondering whether he should tell Marie, his manager, about his colleague and close friend Joe's misbehavior during a meeting. Arrange the steps in the order in which Jack should attempt to solve this ethical dilemma. (Place the first step at the top.)
Top: Jack should analyze the consequences of telling Marie and think about the people who will be helped and harmed by it. Middle: Jack should analyze all of the options from a different perspective and then consider the option that offers the least problematic actions. Bottom: Jack should make a decision about the action he wants to take.
In the first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person believes that something is right or wrong because _____.
an accepted authority figure says it is
In the "good boy/nice girl" orientation stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person focuses on _____.
meeting the expectations of family members
Mark, a student, believes that it is wrong to interrupt when two people are discussing something because the principal said so. He defers to the principal when deciding whether something is right or wrong. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, Mark is in the _____.
obedience and punishment orientation stage