Chapter 1 Health Psychology
_____ are the single greatest cause of accidental death among people. A. Automobile accidents B. Falls C. Drownings D. Poisoning by inappropriate drug use
A. Automobile accidents
What are the factors that contribute to dangerous sun exposure? (Check all that apply.) A. Outdoor activities B. Tanning salons C. Excessive sunscreen use D. Living in northern latitudes
A. Outdoor activities B. Tanning salons
About half the people diagnosed with anorexia also suffer from _____. A. bulimia B. ataxia C. binge eating disorder D. orthorexia nervosa
A. bulimia
The most common chronic sleep disorder among adults over the age of 40 in the Unites States is _____. A. insomnia B. apnea C. narcolepsy D. parasomnia
A. insomnia
Insufficient sleep is considered to be less than _____ a night. A. 9 hours B. 7 hours C. 10 hours D. 8 hours
B. 7 hours
Diet is related to _____ in the body. A. acetaldehyde concentrations B. serum lipid levels C. hemoglobin levels D. c-reactive protein levels
B. serum lipid levels
According to a research study, the class of people for whom social support is particularly important to promote exercise are _____. A. Asians B. African-Americans C. Hispanics D. Whites
C. Hispanics
________________- _______________ _______________ involve ridding the environment of discriminative stimuli that evoke the problem behavior, and creating new discriminative stimuli.
Stimulus-control interventions
True or false: Efforts taken to lose weight can be stressful.
True
People who respond to stress usually consume more _____. a. high-calorie and sugary foods b. high-calorie and salty foods c. low-calorie and sugary foods d. low-calorie and salty foods
d. low-calorie and salty foods
Surgical procedures used to control obesity are usually reserved for people who are at least _____ overweight, and who have complicating health problems that make weight loss urgent. A. 100 percent B. 90 percent C. 50 percent D. 80 percent
A. 100 percent
Identify the true statement about binge eating and bulimia. A. A binger feels out of control and is unable to stop eating. B. An increasing number of women have bingeing episodes. C. Bulimia affects 50 percent of women. D. More than 90 % of bulimics may have bingeing episodes
A. A binger feels out of control and is unable to stop eating.
Identify a true statement about anorexics. A. Anorexics may experience a lack of control coupled with a need for approval. B. Body image distortions are not too common among anorexic girls. C. Girls who are anorexic see themselves as underweight even when their weight is optimum. D. Anorexics exhibit non-perfectionist behavior.
A. Anorexics may experience a lack of control coupled with a need for approval.
How can chronic illnesses be treated? (Check all that apply.) A. By altering diet B. By self-monitoring of symptoms C. By medication D. By reducing social interactions
A. By altering diet B. By self-monitoring of symptoms C. By medication
Identify the reasons for decline in the prevalence of acute infectious disorders in the United States. (Check all that apply.) A. Changes in public health standards B. Treatment innovations C. Increase in prevalence of chronic diseases D. Increase in the level of carbon emissions
A. Changes in public health standards B. Treatment innovations
Which of the following is the main contributor to disability and death of people, particularly in industrialized countries? A. Chronic illnesses B. Episodic disorders C. Autoimmune diseases D. Acute illnesses
A. Chronic illnesses
_____ is an important part of weight-reduction programs. A. Cognitive restructuring B. Relaxation training C. Assertiveness training D. Applied behavioral therapy
A. Cognitive restructuring
Identify the factors that predict weight loss. (Check all that apply.) A. Formation of implementation intentions B. Formation of normative beliefs C. Strong sense of self-efficacy D. Strong sense of negative self-reward behaviors
A. Formation of implementation intentions C. Strong sense of self-efficacy
Identify the group of people who are at risk of developing anorexia nervosa. (Check all that apply.) A. Gay men B. Young women C. Older men D. Older women
A. Gay men B. Young women
What is the major benefit of relapse prevention techniques used in exercise programs? A. It increases long-term adherence to the exercise program. B. It is inexpensive and easy to implement. C. It provides immediate short-term health benefits. D. It is important for the initiation of an exercise program.
A. It increases long-term adherence to the exercise program.
Which of the following are advantages of using theory to guide research in health psychology? (Check all that apply.) A. It provides guidelines on how to do research and interventions. B. It tends to produce a large amount of data, which can help in the reconstruction of past experiences. C. It determines the direction of causality in an unambiguous manner. D. It helps generate specific predictions, so they can be tested and modified as evidence comes in.
A. It provides guidelines on how to do research and interventions. D. It helps generate specific predictions, so they can be tested and modified as evidence comes in.
Why is meta-analysis considered a powerful methodological tool in health psychology research? A. It uses a broad array of diverse evidence to reach conclusions. B. It helps to study issues when variables cannot be manipulated experimentally. C. It helps to understand how a relationship between two variables changes over time. D. It helps to establish a cause-effect relationship definitively.
A. It uses a broad array of diverse evidence to reach conclusions.
What does effective sunscreen use require? (Check all that apply.) A. Knowledge about skin cancer B. Knowledge of the active constituents in sunscreens C. Awareness of social norms that are against sunscreen use D. Perceived efficacy of sunscreen as protection against skin cancer
A. Knowledge about skin cancer D. Perceived efficacy of sunscreen as protection against skin cancer
Which of the following is a barrier to exercise for people who live in low socio-economic status neighborhoods? A. Lack of safe places B. Fatigue C. Lack of awareness D. Low morale
A. Lack of safe places
Identify work-related factors that are associated with heavy drinking. A. Low job autonomy B. Decentralized work systems C. Alienation from work D. High sense of power
A. Low job autonomy C. Alienation from work
Identify a technique that is helpful in getting people to increase their fruit and vegetable intake and otherwise improve their diets. A. Motivational interviewing B. Cognitive restructuring C. Negative self-reward D. Self-restraint
A. Motivational interviewing
What is the characteristic feature of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep? A. Our eyes dart back and forth, breathing and heart rates flutter, and we often dream vividly. B. We begin to tune out the sounds around us, although we are easily awakened by any loud sound. C. Our breathing and heart rates even out, and the body temperature drops. D. We experience deep sleep characterized by brain waves that alternate between sleep spindles and large K-complex waves.
A. Our eyes dart back and forth, breathing and heart rates flutter, and we often dream vividly.
Identify the stimulus control techniques that people are taught to control or modify their food consumption. (Check all that apply.) A. People are taught to confine eating to one place at particular times of day. B. People are taught to completely ignore environmental stimuli that may lead to overeating. C. People are taught to modify environmental stimuli that elicit their overeating. D. People are trained to use meditation to ignore their binge eating urges.
A. People are taught to confine eating to one place at particular times of day. C. People are taught to modify environmental stimuli that elicit their overeating.
Identify the factors that may be responsible for anorexia nervosa. (Check all that apply.) A. Personality characteristics B. Family interaction patterns C. Low-protein diets D. High basal metabolic rate
A. Personality characteristics B. Family interaction patterns
Identify the characteristics of diets that can cause the rate of adherence to a new diet to fall off over time. (Check all that apply.) A. Restrictive B. Rich in protein C. Expensive D. Rich in fiber
A. Restrictive C. Expensive
Identify a technique that has shown major beneficial effects on accident rates. A. Social engineering techniques B. Cognitive behavioral therapy C. Stimulus-control techniques D. Soft skills training
A. Social engineering techniques
How do health psychologists help people with chronic illnesses? A. They help patients adjust psychologically and socially to their changing health state and treatment regimens. B. They use specially designed and adapted therapy models to generate therapeutic alliance. C. They help ease problems in family functioning. D. They investigate behavior that springs from reactions within the nervous system.
A. They help patients adjust psychologically and socially to their changing health state and treatment regimens. C. They help ease problems in family functioning.
Identify the true statements about diet modifications among people. (Check all that apply.) A. Typically, people switch to a diet low in fat and high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables to improve appearance. B. Rates of adherence among people to a new diet may be low at first. C. More than half of U. S. adults meet the dietary recommendations for reducing fat levels and increasing fiber and fruit consumption. D. Drastic changes in shopping, meal planning, cooking methods, and eating habits may be required.
A. Typically, people switch to a diet low in fat and high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables to improve appearance. D. Drastic changes in shopping, meal planning, cooking methods, and eating habits may be required.
An obsessive disorder amounting to self-starvation, in which an individual diets and exercises to the point that the body weight is grossly below optimum level, threatening health and potentially leading to death is known as _____. A. anorexia nervosa B. Korsakoff's syndrome C. Huntington's disease D. bulimia nervosa
A. anorexia nervosa
Alcohol consumption is known to reliably lower _____, at least temporarily. A. anxiety and depression B. inflammatory activity C. insulin levels D. hostility and ange
A. anxiety and depression
Modest alcohol consumption reduces the risk of _____. A. coronary heart diseases B. nervous system disorders C. endocrine diseases D. immune-related disorders
A. coronary heart diseases
Binge eating may be triggered by _____ caused by stressful situations. A. negative emotions B. extremely positive emotions C. parasympathetic system arousal D. immune dysfunction
A. negative emotions
Participants in weight-loss programs are urged to identify the maladaptive thoughts they have regarding weight loss and substitute it with _____. A. positive self-instruction B. positive self-punishment C. negative self-reward D. negative reinforcement
A. positive self-instruction
Alcohol consumption has been linked with improvement in _____ temporarily. A. self-esteem B. memory C. executive skills D. self-reinforcement
A. self-esteem
In the context of using theory for guiding research in health psychology, testing _____ incorporated the importance of self-efficacy and revealed that people need to believe they can actually change their behavior. A. theories of health behavior change B. theories of cognitive behavior therapy C. theories of relapse and health behavior modification D. theories of relaxation therapy
A. theories of health behavior change
Identify the most common causes of death and disability among children under the age of five. A. Drowning B. Accidental poisonings C. Child abuse D. Falls
B. Accidental poisonings D. Falls
What are the weight-loss efforts of women and men in pursuit of an elusive perfect body? (Check all that apply.) A. Low caffeine intake B. Chronic use of diet pills C. Laxative use D. Alcohol consumption
B. Chronic use of diet pills C. Laxative use
Which of the following are the steps involved in the stimulus control technique used to treat maladaptive eating behavior among people? (Check all that apply.) A. Clients are screened for their readiness to lose weight and their motivation to do so. B. Clients are trained to purchase low-calorie foods and limit the intake of high-calorie foods. C. Clients are taught to develop new discriminative stimuli that will be associated with eating. D. Clients are trained to eat at different places at different times of the day.
B. Clients are trained to purchase low-calorie foods and limit the intake of high-calorie foods. C. Clients are taught to develop new discriminative stimuli that will be associated with eating.
Which of the following is elevated especially in response to stress and promotes eating? A. Insulin levels B. Cortisol levels C. Immunoglobulin levels D. Prolactin levels
B. Cortisol levels
Which of the following is directly linked to weight gain? A. Cultural influence B. Depression C. Low socioeconomic status D. Cynical hostility
B. Depression
_____ and alcoholism are linked. A. Visual impairment B. Depression C. Unmitigated communion D. Enhanced cognition
B. Depression
Identify the health risks that often lead people to change their diets? A. Dementia B. Diabetes C. Bronchitis D. Obesity
B. Diabetes D. Obesity
What is the advantage of using correlational studies over experiments in health psychology research? A. It can generate predictions that can be tested and modified as the evidence comes in. B. It can study issues when variables cannot be manipulated experimentally. C. It can be used to test curvilinear relationships. D. It can determine the direction of causality unlike experiments.
B. It can study issues when variables cannot be manipulated experimentally.
Which of the following is affected by insufficient sleep? (Check all that apply.) A. Neuroendocrine functioning B. Job performance C. Cognitive functioning D. Self-reinforcemen
B. Job performance C. Cognitive functioning
Identify the factors that increase the likelihood of problem drinking. A. Gastrointestinal distress B. Less social support C. Negative life events D. High sense of wellbeing
B. Less social support C. Negative life events
Identify the health-related problems addressed by health psychologists. (Check all that apply.) A. Addressing abnormal neuroendocrine responses B. Managing side effects of treatments C. Managing pain D. Modifying bad health habits such as smoking
B. Managing side effects of treatments C. Managing pain D. Modifying bad health habits such as smoking
Identify a true statement about the use of sunscreen among people. A. People are aware of the long-term consequences of tanning. B. Many people use sunscreens with an inadequate sun protection factor. C. People often apply sunscreen during outdoor activities. D. Many people do not perceive tans as attractive.
B. Many people use sunscreens with an inadequate sun protection factor.
Identify an activity that involves balance, mobility, and gait training to reduce the risk of fall among older adults.. A. Self-monitoring therapy B. Physical activity training C. Stimulus control training D. Cognitive restructuring therapy
B. Physical activity training
Identify the acute disorders. (Check all that apply.) A. Osteoporosis B. Pneumonia C. Tuberculosis D. Bronchial edema
B. Pneumonia C. Tuberculosis
Identify a factor that makes people more prone to insomnia. A. Active coping B. Rumination C. Punitiveness D. Passive coping
B. Rumination
Which of the following conditions is linked to alcohol consumption? A. Hypotension B. Stroke C. High blood pressure D. Nephritis
B. Stroke C. High blood pressure
Identify a true statement about the set point theory of weight. A. People with low set points are more likely to be obese. B. The theory argues that efforts to lose weight may be compensated for by adjustments in energy expenditure. C. According to the theory, a person continues to eat by desire even after his or her weight reaches the ideal point. D. Most people have similar set points.
B. The theory argues that efforts to lose weight may be compensated for by adjustments in energy expenditure.
Which of the following factors undermine the weight loss efforts undertaken during screening program interventions to combat maladaptive eating behavior? A. Unsuccessful dieting attempts B. Unsuccessful dieting attempts C. High self-esteem D. Weight lost and regained
B. Unsuccessful dieting attempts D. Weight lost and regained
Identify the environmental options that increase the rate of exercise among people. (Check all that apply.) A. Movie theaters B. Walking trails C. Recreational facilities D. Educational appeals
B. Walking trails C. Recreational facilities
Short-term illnesses that are often the result of a viral or bacterial invader and usually amenable to cure are known as _____. A. refractory disorders B. acute disorders C. terminal illnesses D. chronic illnesses
B. acute disorders
Dietary change is critical for people who are at risk for or already diagnosed with _____. A. genetic disorders B. chronic diseases C. terminal diseases D. autoimmune disorders
B. chronic diseases
Slowly developing diseases with which people live for many years and that cannot be cured but rather are managed by patient and health care providers are known as _____. A. acute diseases B. chronic illnesses C. subclinical diseases D. congenital disorders
B. chronic illnesses
Interventions developed by health psychologists that target risk factors such as diet or smoking have led to a decline in the occurrence of diseases, especially _____. A. ataxia B. coronary heart disease C. epilepsy D. nephrotic syndrome
B. coronary heart disease
People of _____ are at a greater risk of developing chronic disorders. A. Asian origin B. low socio-economic status C. Latin American origin D. high socio-economic status
B. low socio-economic status
The number of deaths due to particular causes is called _____. A. morbidity B. mortality C. limpidity D. invalidity
B. mortality
Interventions to reduce home accidents among children are typically conducted with _____. A. health psychologists B. parents C. self-help groups D. pediatricians
B. parents
Longitudinal research is a type of _____. A. randomized clinical study B. prospective study C. retrospective study D. correlational study
B. prospective study
Experiments that are conducted by health care practitioners to evaluate treatments or interventions and their effectiveness over time are called _____. A. correlational experiments B. randomized clinical trials C. retrospective experiments D. prospective trials
B. randomized clinical trials
Sleep is considered to be an important _____ activity. A. circadian B. restorative C. inhibitory D. rhythmic
B. restorative
Obese clients are trained in _____, to keep careful records of what they eat, when they eat, how much they eat, and where they eat. A. self-indulgence B. self-monitoring C. self-reinforcement D. self-efficacy
B. self-monitoring
The idea that each individual has an ideal biological weight, which cannot be greatly modified is known as the _____. A. theory of thermogenesis B. set point theory of weight C. external cue theory D. fat cell limit theory
B. set point theory of weight
Identify the stress management techniques that have been used in weight reduction programs. A. Stress-inoculation training B.Mindfulness training C. Acceptance and commitment theory D. Assertiveness training
B.Mindfulness training C. Acceptance and commitment theory
Eating disorders have been documented in people as young as _____. A. 12 B. 16 C. 7 D. 10
C. 7
Women of _____ origin are more likely to be obese. A. Asian B. Caucasian C. African American D. Latin
C. African American
Which of the following predicts the maintenance of an exercise program? A. Setting short-term goals B. High self-esteem C. Availability of time or suitable places to exercise D. Belief that leisure activities are important
C. Availability of time or suitable places to exercise
Which of the following is an important and controllable risk factor for many of the leading causes of death and contributes substantially to risk for disease? A. Accidental poisonings B. Exercise C. Diet D. Occupational hazards
C. Diet
_____ have some of the highest disability and mortality rates of all behavioral disorders. A. Post-traumatic stress disorders B. Protein malnutrition disorders C. Eating disorders D. Social anxiety disorders
C. Eating disorders
Identify the research method that provides more definitive answers than other research methods. A. Correlational studies B. Survey research C. Experiments D. Retrospective research
C. Experiments
Identify a major cause of death among older adults. A. Smoking B. Type 1 diabetes C. Fall-related injuries D. Accidental poisoning
C. Fall-related injuries
_____ helps regarding exactly when, where, and what food will be consumed that can help people bring snacking under intentional control, thereby reducing the consumption of unhealthy food. A. Self-reinforcement methods B. Positive self-reward techniques C. Forming implementation intentions D. Motivational interviewing
C. Forming implementation intentions
Identify a potential side effect of surgery that is used to treat obesity. A. Depression B. Lowered immune functioning C. Gastric and intestinal distress D. Increased coagulation time
C. Gastric and intestinal distress
Identify the reasons why people participate in group exercise programs such as jogging and walking. (Check all that apply.) A. It is less time consuming. B. It leads to spiritual awakening C. It instills a sense of support. D. It leads to group cohesion.
C. It instills a sense of support. D. It leads to group cohesion.
Identify a factor that is linked to poor subjective as well as objective sleep quality. A. Consumption of alcohol B. Low peer pressure C. Low socio-economic status D. Punitiveness
C. Low socio-economic status
Identify the type of skin cancer that has resulted in the death of a large number of people. A. Benign melanoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Malignant melanoma D. Basal cell carcinoma
C. Malignant melanoma
Identify a psychosomatic disorder caused by emotional conflicts. A. Down syndrome B. Hemochromatosis C. Neurodermatitis D. Cystic fibrosis
C. Neurodermatitis
Identify the factors that can cause accidental poisoning in the United States. (Check all that apply.) A. Falls B. Road accidents C. Prescription drugs D. Illegal drugs
C. Prescription drugs D. Illegal drugs
Identify the experimental method that is usually used for evidence-based medicine. A. Regression analysis B. Correlational methods C. Randomized clinical trials D. Meta-analysis
C. Randomized clinical trials
What is the importance of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep? A. To restore energy to the body and turn knowledge into short-term memories B. To prompt the body to release growth hormones C. To consolidate memories and turn knowledge into long-term memories D. To strengthen the immune system
C. To consolidate memories and turn knowledge into long-term memories
Based on a research study, identify the groups of people who often engage in physical activity. (Check all that apply.) A. Hispanics B. Older adults C. Whites D. Younger adults
C. Whites D. Younger adults
The main goal of interventions in weight-reduction programs is to increase _____, which can enhance intrinsic motivation to continue diet modification and weight loss. A. passive coping skills B. a sense of self-regulation C. a sense of self-determination D. vigilant coping skills
C. a sense of self-determination
Exercise has been used for treating _____ because of its beneficial effects on mood and self-esteem. A. stuttering B. eczema C. depression D. ataxia
C. depression
Most weight-loss programs begin with a(n) _____. A. stress management intervention B. surgery C. dietary treatment D. exercise program
C. dietary treatment
Health psychologists have found that exercise has beneficial effects on people's cognitive functioning, especially their _____. A. perception abilities B. visual processing C. executive functioning D. motor functioning
C. executive functioning
Women prone to bulimia, especially binge eating, appear to have altered stress responses, especially an atypical _____ diurnal pattern. A. hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal B. hypothalamic-pituitary parathyroid C. hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal D. hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid
C. hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal
People who respond to stress usually consume more _____. A. low-calorie and sugary foods B. high-calorie and salty foods C. low-calorie and salty foods D. high-calorie and sugary foods
C. low-calorie and salty foods
According to the National Center for Health Statistics, physical activity is more common among _____. A. African-Americans B. women C. men D. Hispanics
C. men
The beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption are especially true during _____. A. preadolescence B. adolescence C. old age D. young adulthood
C. old age
Teaching people in high-stress occupations to manage stress effectively so that it will not adversely affect their health is an example that focuses on _____. A. limiting individual productivity B. limiting financial spending C. prevention and treatment of illness D. effective delegation of tasks
C. prevention and treatment of illness
Sigmund Freud's work on conversion hysteria gave rise to the field of _____. A. behavioral medicine B. evolutionary medicine C. psychosomatic medicine D. conservation medicine
C. psychosomatic medicine
Efforts to change diet begin with education and training in _____. A. self-indulgence B. self-talk C. self-monitoring D. self-incrimination
C. self-monitoring
Simple _____ can cause a decrease in binge-purge behavior. A. self-observation B. social skills training C. self-monitoring D. physical activity training
C. self-monitoring
Training in _____ that includes planning skills and formation of explicit behavioral intentions can improve dietary adherence among people. A. self-observation B. relaxation therapy C. self-regulation D. social skills
C. self-regulation
The genes of the _____ are clearly linked with the development of anorexia nervosa and implicated in both anxiety and food intake. A. melatonin, thyroxine, and estrogen systems B. dopamine, thyroxine, and secretin systems C. serotonin, dopamine, and estrogen systems D. insulin, dopamine, and serotonin systems
C. serotonin, dopamine, and estrogen systems
In the past 30 years, there has been nearly a fourfold increase in the incidence of _____ in the United States. A. lung cancer B. breast cancer C. skin cancer D. colorectal cancer
C. skin cancer
Cognitive-behavioral programs for weight loss typically produce moderate success with a loss of nearly _____ a week for up to 20 weeks. A. 5 pounds B. 3 pounds C. 4 pounds D. 2 pounds
D. 2 pounds
Cognitive-behavioral methods help in long-term maintenance of weight over at least _____. A. 3 years B. 1 year C. 4 years D. 2 years
D. 2 years
The critical time period for an exercise program to become automatic and habitual for an individual is _____. A. 2 months B. 3 to 6 months C. 1 month D. 6 to 8 months
D. 6 to 8 months
Which therapy appears to be most effective for treating bulimia? A. A combination of medication and social engineering techniques B. Formation of implementation intentions C. Cognitive restructuring techniques D. A combination of medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy
D. A combination of medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which of the following represent one of the major causes of preventable death? A. Suicide B. Neonatal death C. Lifestyle diseases D. Accidents
D. Accidents
Identify the third leading cause of preventable death. A. Smoking B. Malnutrition C. High caffeine intake D. Alcohol consumption
D. Alcohol consumption
Which of the following predicts the initiation of an exercise program? A. Availability of time B. Neutral attitude C. Belief that physical activity will decrease HDL cholesterol levels D. Belief that physical activity is important
D. Belief that physical activity is important
_____ are the major cause of head injury among people. A. Falling from heights B. Drownings C. Assaults D. Bicycle accidents
D. Bicycle accidents
_____ has contributed to the rise of health psychology. A. Improvement in public health standards B. Decreased health care quality C. Decreased prevalence of chronic illnesses D. Expansion of health care services
D. Expansion of health care services
Which of the following is clearly implicated in the development of anorexia nervosa? A. Low self-efficacy skills B. High self-esteem C. Low self-reinforcement skills D. Genetic factors
D. Genetic factors
Identify a true statement about alcoholism. A. It may represent untreated symptoms of personality disorders. B. It may act as an impetus for excessive exercise in an effort to improve mood. C. It may be difficult for late-onset drinkers to successfully control their drinking. D. It may represent untreated symptoms of depression.
D. It may represent untreated symptoms of depression.
What is the chief advantage of text messaging, mailers, family-based, and worksite interventions to promote exercise among people? A. Helps in the initiation of an exercise program B. Instills a sense of self-talk in people C. Helps in long-term adherence to exercise programs D. Low cost and ease of implementation
D. Low cost and ease of implementation
_____ by itself and in interaction with other risk factors is the chief cause of death in developed countries. A. Ataxia B. Cynical hostility C. Intensive exercise D. Smoking
D. Smoking
_____ has a direct and negative effect on diet. A. Lack of vigilant coping skills B. Lack of executive control skills C. Excessive exercise D. Stress
D. Stress
Identify the type of diet that has proved to be the best in helping people lose weight initially. A. High-protein diets B. Very low-omega fatty acid diets C. High cis-fat diets D. Very low-carbohydrate diets
D. Very low-carbohydrate diets
Binge eating usually occurs when an individual is _____. A. socially active B. physically abused C. high in self-esteem D. alone
D. alone
Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep is characterized by _____. A. alpha waves B. theta waves C. delta waves D. beta waves
D. beta waves
Women with eating disorders or tendencies toward them are more likely to be _____. A. hypervigilant B. high in self-reinforcement C. high in self-esteem D. depressed
D. depressed
The chief risk factor for skin cancer is _____. A. excessive exposure to infrared radiation B. poisoning by toxins C. genetic factors D. excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation
D. excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Long-term practice of regular exercise is heavily determined by _____. A. social pressure B. intuition C. spiritual beliefs D. habit
D. habit
People who are _____ are more likely to be obese. A. low in extraversion B. low in impulsivity C. high in consciousness D. high in neuroticism
D. high in neuroticism
The disadvantage of using correlational studies is that _____. A. it cannot study issues when variables cannot be manipulated experimentally B. it cannot examine the linear relationship between variables C. it cannot determine how a relationship between two variables changes over time D. it is difficult to determine the direction of causality unambiguously
D. it is difficult to determine the direction of causality unambiguously
In the Unites States, it is seen that women of _____ are heavier than others. A. high self-esteem B. low self-reinforcement skills C. high self-efficacy D. low socioeconomic status
D. low socioeconomic status
According to a study, exercise appears to promote _____ among people. A. spatial processing B. vigilant coping skills C. language skills D. memory
D. memory
Regular exercise is known to improve the sense of _____ among people. A. self-monitoring B. self-reinforcement C. self-observation D. self-efficacy
D. self-efficacy
Simple _____ can cause a decrease in binge-purge behavior. A. physical activity training B. social skills training C. self-observation D. self-monitoring
D. self-monitoring
According to a research study, several interventions have now shown that exercise can prevent depression among _____. A. adolescents B. children C. men D. women
D. women
A condition that is capable of eliciting the target behavior is called a(n) ________________ _____________________.
Discriminative Stimulus
True or false: Social engineering solutions to health problems are less successful than individual behavior modification.
False
True or false: Teachable moments are confined to childhood and adolescence.
False
True or false: The prevalence of obesity among men is related to socioeconomic status.
False
According to the ____________________ _____________________ _______________, a person practices a health behavior based on two factors: whether the person perceives a personal health threat, and whether the person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.
Health Belief Model
____________________ ______________________- is a philosophy that has at its core the idea that good health, or wellness, is a personal and collective achievement.
Health promotion
________________ ________________ combines results from different studies to identify how strong the evidence is for particular research findings.
Meta-analysis
A theory that guides health behavior modification and builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals is known as the ______________ ______________ ______________.
Self-determination theory
A theory that attempts to link health beliefs directly to behavior is called the ____________ ______________________ _______________ _____________
Theory of planned behavior
True or False: Interactions between genetic factors and risks in the environment, such as early exposure to stress, may play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa.
True
True or false: According to a research study, men tend to eat less in stressful circumstances.
True
True or false: People with low status jobs, high workloads, and little control at work also have less healthy diets.
True
True or false: Regular exercise improves not only physical health but also mood and general well-being.
True
Identify the characteristic features of unhealthy behaviors that can be triggered by emotions. (Check all that apply.) a. Addictive b. Automatic c. Passive d. Resistant to change
a. Addictive b. Automatic d. Resistant to change
What is the focus of health promotion efforts among older adults? (Check all that apply.) a. Maintenance of a healthy, balanced diet b. Adherence to the seven basic health habits c. Appropriate behavior in real or simulated emergencies d. Controlling alcohol consumption
a. Maintenance of a healthy, balanced diet d. Controlling alcohol consumption
Identify the true statements about cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions. (Check all that apply.) a. Several complementary methods are used to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context. b. It builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals. c. It integrates conscious processing with automatic behavioral enactment. d. It can be implemented individually, through group therapy or the Internet.
a. Several complementary methods are used to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context. d. It can be implemented individually, through group therapy or the Internet.
In the context of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, identify the components of behavioral intentions. (Check all that apply.) a. Subjective norms regarding an action b. Perceived behavioral control c. General health values of an individual d. Sense of efficacy of an individual regarding his or her health e. Attitudes toward a specific action
a. Subjective norms regarding an action b. Perceived behavioral control e. Attitudes toward a specific action
What is the general limitation of health behavior change models? a. They only emphasize conscious deliberative processes for practicing health behaviors. b. They do not include the important component of self-efficacy. c. They only emphasize automatic processes for practicing health behaviors. d. They focus more on prevention messages rather than promotion-oriented messages for health behavior changes.
a. They only emphasize conscious deliberative processes for practicing health behaviors.
What are the general strategies of primary prevention? (Check all that apply.) a. To restrain people from developing poor health habits b. To design media campaigns to bring about modest attitude change but less long-term behavior change c. To help people alter their problematic health behaviors through interventions d. To help people who are already ill to follow their treatment regimen
a. To restrain people from developing poor health habits c. To help people alter their problematic health behaviors through interventions
Attitude change techniques assume that behavior changes are guided by _____ motivation. a. conscious b. achievement c. subconscious d. fear
a. conscious
The discriminative stimulus is important because it _____. a. signals that a positive reinforcement will subsequently occur b. instills the belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior c. helps to perceive a health threat d. helps to discriminate the target behavior
a. signals that a positive reinforcement will subsequently occur
The _____ analyzes the stages and processes people go through in bringing about a change in behavior and suggested treatment goals and interventions for each stage. a. transtheoretical model of behavior change b. self-determination theory c. protection motivation theory d. health belief model
a. transtheoretical model of behavior change
Identify the beneficial effects as a result of successful modification of health behavior. (Check all that apply.) a. Reduction in deaths due to autoimmune disorders b. Delay in death leading to increase in life expectancy c. Decrease in incidence of communication disorders d. Decrease in annual costs on health and illness
b. Delay in death leading to increase in life expectancy d. Decrease in annual costs on health and illness
Identify a problem that compromises health habits among older adults. a. Defensive behavior b. Depression c. Ataxia d. Cynical hostility
b. Depression
What are the important components targeted by the self-determination theory? (Check all that apply.) a. Perceived threat detection b. Perceived competence c. Autonomous motivation d. Self-monitoring
b. Perceived competence c. Autonomous motivation
Identify the factors that influence health-related behavior in people. (Check all that apply.) a. Political affiliations b. Workplace companions c. Ethics d. Family
b. Workplace companions d. Family
The transtheoretical model of behavior change was originally developed to treat _____. a. autoimmune disorders b. addictive disorders c. acute disorders d. chronic disorders
b. addictive disorders
In childhood, regular exercise is practiced because it is built into the school curriculum. In adulthood, this behavior must be practiced intentionally. This is an example of a health behavior change caused by factors that _____. a. have a social influence b. change across a person's lifetime c. are guided by emotions d. change over the history of the behavior
b. change across a person's lifetime
Persuasive messages that elicit too much _____ may actually undermine health behavior change. a. hostility b. fear c. uncertainty d. anger
b. fear
The most important benefit of successful modification of health behaviors is a(n) _____. a. significant improvement in public health standards b. increase in the number of years that a person may enjoy life free from the complications of chronic disease c. reduction in the occurrence of acute disorders d. substantial reduction in deaths caused due to air-borne and lifestyle diseases
b. increase in the number of years that a person may enjoy life free from the complications of chronic disease
The benefit of targeting at-risk people is that it can _____. a. reduce the severity of the symptoms b. prevent occurrence of the disease altogether c. help people come to terms with their condition d. prevent the occurrence of opportunistic infections
b. prevent occurrence of the disease altogether
Threatening messages that are designed to change health behavior can result in _____, leading people to respond defensively, distorting risks to their health. a. passive behavior b. psychological distress c. unmitigated communion d. cynical hostility
b. psychological distress
Rules to lower the speed limit has had more impact on death and disability than interventions to get people to change their driving habits. This is an example of a _____ technique. a. self-control b. social engineering c. stimulus control d. assertiveness training
b. social engineering
Identify the factors that promote better health habits. (Check all that apply.) a. Less defensive behavior b. High unmitigated communion c. High social support d. Low levels of stress
c. High social support d. Low levels of stress
According to Kahana et. al., which of the following health promotion methods has particularly strong health benefits among the very old? a. High-carbohydrate diet b. Meditation c. Regular exercise d. Reduced intake of pills
c. Regular exercise
What is the aim of primary prevention? a. To teach people how to develop vigilant coping skills in high-stress situations b. To estimate the mortality and morbidity rates in a specific geographic area c. To combat risk factors before an illness has a chance to develop d. To study the impact of health institutions and health professionals on people's behavior
c. To combat risk factors before an illness has a chance to develop
Creating new discriminative stimuli in stimulus-control interventions signals that _____. a. a conditioned response will be reinforced b. the stimuli that evoked the problem behavior has been eliminated c. a new response will be reinforced d. the target behavior has been controlled
c. a new response will be reinforced
An early influential attitude theory of why people practice health behaviors is the _____. a. self-determination theory b. theory of planned behavior c. health belief model d. transtheoretical model of behavior change
c. health belief model
According to the theory of planned behavior, a health behavior is the direct result of a _____ intention. a. therapeutic b. community-based c. family-based d. behavioral
d. behavioral
The most effective approach to health habit modification that focuses on the target behavior, the conditions that elicit and maintain it, and the factors that. a. psychoanalytic therapy b. gestalt therapy c. impulse-control therapy d. cognitive-behavior therapy
d. cognitive-behavior therapy
A researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways in a(n) __________________
experiment
In middle school, students are first exposed to habits like smoking and drug use among their peers during a period that is called a(n) ___________ _______________ _____________.
Window of vulnerability
People who perceive their health to be _____ practice better health habits than others. a. under personal control b. under a health practitioner's control c. a chance factor d. a social influence
a. under personal control
A type of research where the same people are observed at multiple points in time is known as _____. A. longitudinal research B. repeated measures design C. crossover study D. panel study
A. longitudinal research
The number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point of time is referred to as _____. A. morbidity B. flaccidity C. avidity D. mortality
A. morbidity
Experiments that are conducted by health care practitioners to evaluate treatments or interventions and their effectiveness over time are called _____. A. randomized clinical trials B. correlational experiments C. prospective trials D. retrospective experiments
A. randomized clinical trials
Prospective studies are conducted by health psychologists to _____. A. understand the risk factors that relate to health conditions B. provide on-the-spot treatment for various medical conditions C. look backward in time to study how a relationship between two variables changes over time D. measure reactions from people who are randomly assigned to different conditions
A. understand the risk factors that relate to health conditions
Retrospective methods were critical in identifying some risk factors for _____ even before the causative agent was discovered. A. influenza B. herpes C. hepatitis D. AIDS
D. AIDS
Which is the largest service industry in the United States? A. Distribution B. Tourism C. Education D. Health care
D. Health care
Identify the psychosomatic disorders caused by emotional conflicts. (Check all that apply.) A. Endocarditis B. Poliomyelitis C. Hyperthyroidism D. Rheumatoid arthritis E. Essential hypertension
D. Hyperthyroidism E. Rheumatoid arthritis F. Essential hypertension
What is the disadvantage of using experiments in research? A. Definitive answers are not provided to research problems. B. More than two groups cannot be compared for a study. C. The direction of causality cannot be determined. D. It is impractical to study issues such as random assignment of people to diseases.
D. It is impractical to study issues such as random assignment of people to diseases.
In randomized clinical trials, researchers _____. A. look at how a relationship between two variables changes over time B. look backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation C. measure whether changes in one variable correspond to changes in another variable D. compare a target treatment against the existing standard of care or a placebo control
D. compare a target treatment against the existing standard of care or a placebo control
Health psychologists measuring the diets that people create for themselves and looking at changes in rates of heart disease, as determined by how good or poor the diet is, is an example of a(n) _____. A. randomized clinical trial B. adversarial collaborative trial C. retrospective study D. correlational prospective study
D. correlational prospective study
Most of the research in health psychology is based on _____. A. retrospective research B. qualitative analysis C. regression analysis D. correlational research
D. correlational research
The fundamental assumption of the biopsychosocial model is that _____. A. a particular conflict or personality type is sufficient to produce an illness B. continuous physiological changes produce an actual organic disturbance C. repressed psychological conflicts can lead to physical disturbances D. health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
D. health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
True or false: The biopsychosocial model does not place a significance on an effective patient-practitioner relationship in clinical settings.
False
__________________ _________________ is a relatively new field that is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychology
According to the biopsychosocial model of health and illness, macrolevel processes continually interact with microlevel processes to influence health and illness. Which of the following are macrolevel processes? (Check all that apply.) A. The existence of social support B. The existence of chemical imbalances in a body C. The presence of depression D. The presence of cellular disorders
A. The existence of social support C. The presence of depression
The idea that the mind and the body together determine health and illness logically implies a model for studying these issues. This model is called the _____. A. biopsychosocial model B. psychodynamic model C. health promotion model D. psychoacoustic model
A. biopsychosocial model
In clinical practice, the process of patient _____ can benefit from understanding the interacting role of biological, psychological, and social factors in assessing a person's health or illness. A. diagnosis B. hypnosis C. rehabilitation D. recovery
A. diagnosis
Changing patterns of illness in the United States and other technologically advanced societies in recent decades has influenced the rise of _____. A. health psychology B. comparative psychology C. evolutionary psychology D. social psychology
A. health psychology
True or False: Health psychologists develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
True
True or false: Although health habits may initially develop because of reinforcement by positive outcomes, they eventually become independent of the reinforcement process.
True
True or false: Morbidity and mortality statistics are essential to health psychologists where charting the major causes of disease can lead to steps to reduce their occurrence.
True
During which stage of an individual's life do health habits develop? a. Childhood b. Adulthood c. Infancy d. Adolescence
a. Childhood
Identify a true statement about modifying health behaviors. a. Health habits develop during childhood and adolescence when most people are healthy. b. Bad health habits have no chance to make inroads in children and adolescents. c. Almost all children and adolescents are concerned about what their health will be like when they are 40 or 50 years old. d. Smoking, a poor diet, and lack of exercise have immediate apparent effects on health within a few years.
a. Health habits develop during childhood and adolescence when most people are healthy.
Identify the characteristics that make educational appeals persuasive. (Check all that apply.) a. Messages should be short, clear, and direct. b. Messages should implicitly state conclusions. c. Communications should be colorful and vivid. d. Communications should be steeped in statistical data and jargon.
a. Messages should be short, clear, and direct. c. Communications should be colorful and vivid.
Select all that apply Identify the characteristic features that enable people to practice better health habits than others. (Check all that apply.) a. More affluent b. Aggressive nature c. Young age d. Better education
a. More affluent c. Young age d. Better education
_____ is a teachable moment for stopping smoking and improving diet. a. Pregnancy b. Physical inactivity c. Mental stability d. High immunity
a. Pregnancy
How do people react when they test positive for a risk factor of a specific disease? (Check all that apply.) a. They may not monitor their condition. b. They may become altruistic. c. They can become defensive. d. They may not use appropriate services.
a. They may not monitor their condition. c. They can become defensive. d. They may not use appropriate services.
According to Freud, specific unconscious conflicts can produce physical disturbances that symbolize repressed psychological conflicts. This is known as _______________ ____________.
conversion hysteria
Identify the factors that fueled efforts for reforming the health care system in the United States in order to provide a basic health care package for all. (Check all that apply.) A. Some individuals received the best of health care while others received less. B. All Asian countries provide basic health care to all citizens. C. Basic preventive care and treatment for common illnesses were out of financial reach. D. There was a trend of changing illness patterns in the United States and other technologically advanced societies.
A. Some individuals received the best of health care while others received less. C. Basic preventive care and treatment for common illnesses were out of financial reach.
According to the WHO, a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity is known as: A. health B. woe C. wealth D. illness
A. health
A set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors is known as a(n) _____. A. ideology B. theory C. belief D. practice
B. theory
About one-third of health psychology investigations are guided by _____. A. evidence-based practice B. assumptions C. theory D. direct observations
C. theory
Medical interventions go through rigorous testing and evaluation of their benefits before they become the standard of care in ____________ ____________ ________________
Evidence Based Medicine
The _____________________ _______________________ _____________________ _____________________ scale measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under personal control, control by the health practitioner, or chance.
health locus of control
Perceived behavioral control matches: It refers to the belief that one can perform an action and that the action will have the intended effect. Subjective norms regarding an action: It refers to normative beliefs and the motivation to comply with those normative beliefs. Attitudes toward a specific action: It refers to the likely outcomes of an action and evaluations of those outcomes.
....
An advantage of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model is that the biopsychosocial model _____. Multiple choice question. A. maintains that social processes are largely irrelevant to the disease process B. focuses on biological, psychological, and social factors that act as determinants of health and illness C. reduces illness to specific bodily processes such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances D. emphasizes the various aspects of paying more attention to illness over health
B. focuses on biological, psychological, and social factors that act as determinants of health and illness
One of the many things health psychologists focus on is the _____. A. prevention and mitigation of environmental disaster B. health care system and the formulation of health policy C. educational system and the advancement of research D. welfare system and the alleviation of poverty
B. health care system and the formulation of health policy
One of the many things health psychologists focus on is the ______________. A. welfare system and the alleviation of poverty B. health care system and the formulation of health policy C. educational system and the advancement of research D. prevention and mitigation of environmental disaster
B. health care system and the formulation of health policy
In recent years, the health care industry in the United States has come under increasing scrutiny because _____. A. public health standards have deteriorated B. substantial increases in health care costs have not brought improvements in basic indicators of health C. of the minimal government assistance provided to it D. chronic diseases that often affect people are primarily managed by health care providers
B. substantial increases in health care costs have not brought improvements in basic indicators of health
Identify a true statement about an experiment. A. The strength of the relationship between two or more variables is determined. B. The average impact of several different studies on a hypothesis is studied. C. People are randomly assigned to different conditions and their reactions are measured. D. Two groups are compared, one which is influenced by an external source and another which is not.
C. People are randomly assigned to different conditions and their reactions are measured.
Identify the gold standard methods of health psychology research. A. Regression analysis B. Retrospective research designs C. Randomized clinical trials D. Experiments
C. Randomized clinical trials D. Experiments
The origins or causes of illnesses is referred to as _____. A. thanatology B. epidemiology C. etiology D. gerontology
C. etiology
Health psychologists focus on health promotion and maintenance, which include: A. recognizing the psychological tendencies that are rooted in culture B. the study of methods and techniques for analyzing the psychological data C. issues such as how to get children to develop good health habits and how to promote regular exercise D. the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it
C. issues such as how to get children to develop good health habits and how to promote regular exercise
Health psychologists focus on health promotion and maintenance, which includes _____. A. recognizing the psychological tendencies that are rooted in culture B. the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it C. issues such as how to get children to develop good health habits and how to promote regular exercise D. the study of methods and techniques for analyzing psychological data
C. issues such as how to get children to develop good health habits and how to promote regular exercise
An optimum state of health is termed by many as _____. A. hysteria B. security C. wellness D. bliss
C. wellness
The type of research where health psychologists measure whether a change in one variable corresponds to changes in another variable is called ________________ _________________
Correlational Research
The type of research design that looks backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation is known as a ________________ _____________________
Restrospective Design
According to Cohen et al. _____ is an important stage during school education to learn several health-related habits. a. preschool b. high school c. middle school d. elementary school
c. middle school
Depression among older adults can lead to an accelerated _____. a. short-term memory loss b. atherosclerosis c. physical decline d. immune system dysfunction
c. physical decline
Research on _____ risk factors adopts the perspective of health promotion. a. genetic b. age-related c. preventable d. gender-related
c. preventable
The __________________ __________________ approach assumes that if people are afraid that a particular habit is hurting their health, they will change their behavior to reduce their fear.
fear appeals
What is the result of focusing on at-risk people? a. It cannot delay the onset of the disease. b. It cannot prevent disease in individuals with a family history of the disease. c. It can reduce the chances of developing the disease after the age of 45. d. It can help identify other factors that may increase risk of the disease.
d. It can help identify other factors that may increase risk of the disease.
Identify the factor that can have a beneficial as well as an adverse effect on people's health habits. a. Knowledge b. Self-control of health habits c. Intuition d. Social influence
d. Social influence
Educational appeals make the assumption that people will change their health habits if they _____. a. have a fear that a particular habit is damaging their health b. have information regarding the health services available in their proximity c. have a high level of self-esteem d. have good information about their habits
d. have good information about their habits
People who test positive for a risk factor of a disease show _____. a. assertive behavior b. passive behavior c. addictive behavior d. hypervigilant behavior
d. hypervigilant behavior