Chapter 1

How did Spanish colonizers respond to the failed Pueblo revolt in New Mexico in 1598?

1. Spanish men killed hundreds of Pueblo men, women, and children. 2. Children were taken and put under the care of the Spanish missionaries. 3. The Spanish cut off one foot from 24 men.

Identify the leading factors that contributed to the disintegration of the Spanish Empire.

Complexity and vastness of the empire.

The French Empire posed the gravest threat to Spanish colonization because it was able to take advantage of weaknesses in Spain's naval capacity.

False

The greatest decrease to the Native American population during the sixteenth century was attributed to casualties from direct combat with European settlers.

False - Smallpox killed more Native Americans more than violence against the them by the Europeans.

How did the cultivation of maize and other crops by Native Americans lead to the transformation of Indian societies?

It allowed the Native Americans to not worry about surviving, instead they can create a more complex society.

The "rebirth" of learning that came out of the Renaissance also involved the practical application of new ideas. Identify the new technologies of the time that enabled the Age of Exploration.

Larger ships, navigational instruments, and the printing press.

Identify the cities in the modern United States of America that were established by the Spanish and are part of their colonial legacy.

Los Angeles, Santa Fe, San Francisco, San Antonio, & St. Augustine.

The introduction of horses to the Great Plains of North America was a part of the Spanish colonial legacy. Identify the role of horses in the Plains Indian lifestyle and the impact these animals had on their lives.

Native Americans could hunt bison more effectively (causing the bison population to be over hunted). The horses allowed the Natives to travel faster, but it also spread disease faster. Horses replaced dogs as the dominant animal.

Describe the native peoples of America on the eve of European arrival on the shores of the Western Hemisphere.

Native peoples in the Americas were a large, heterogeneous population spread across cast areas of the Americas and were made up of complex and diverse societies.

Plants and animals were extremely different in the two worlds. How did the introduction of new foods into the "Old" World directly affect the fate of the "New" World?

New foods led to a population explosion in Europe and an increase in the number of prospective settlers coming to the "New" World.

In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?

Racism Conquest Greed

Identify the main tenets of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and its significance to the European settlement in the Americas.

The Protestant Reformation aimed to expose corruption within the Catholic Church and advance a more democratic understanding of Christianity in which the people were their own priests. Many of these individualist views would directly influence the development of colonies in the New World during the Age of Exploration.

From their arrival in the "New" World in 1492 to the end of the colonial era, European countries competed for the resources found in the Americas. Which European empire controlled the largest colonial territory during this period?

The Spanish Empire

Identify how the spread of infectious diseases affected the ability of Native Americas to resist European invasion.

There is a loss in tribal leadership since the leaders of the tribes would meet with the foreigners first, thus catching the diseases first.

Describe the social structure of the mound-building societies of the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys that was evident from their burial mounds.

There is a sophisticated social structure that divided groups into doing specific skills and tasks for the society.

The Anasazi culture—the most widespread of the Southwest pueblo cultures—was known for its extensive presence in the "Four Corners" region. Identify how the Anasazi set itself apart from similar cultures in the region.

They did not have a rigid class structure.

In his every encounter with native people, Christopher Columbus would ask if they had gold. These interactions demonstrate how vices such as greed, along with the new technologies and knowledge of the time, helped to fuel the Age of Exploration.

True

The Spanish explored most of the lands that became the American South and the southwestern region.

True

By making desertion near impossible, Cortés was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity for returning to normal life.

True - He has his ships destroyed.

The technological and social advancements that developed at Cahokia around 1000 C.E. continued to influence neighboring societies long after its collapse, as former inhabitants spread the knowledge of such innovations across the American South and Midwest

True - The Cahokia were a sophisticated farming society with strong trading with others.