Chapter 1

analyze and solve.

What are the steps for solving conceptual problems?

analyze; calculate; evalute.

What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?

identify pollutants; prevent pollution

What are the two ways that chemists work to protect the environment?

converting a measurement form one unit to another and rearranging an equation to solve for an unknown.

What are two skills that you need to use as you calculate an anser to a problem?

They learned that oceans of lava once covered the moon's surface.

What did chemists learn about the moon's surface by analyzing moon rocks?

They develop a new hypothesis and perform experiments to test the new hypothesis.

What do scientists do if the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis?

hypothesis.

What is formed when an explanation is proposed for an observation?

developing a plan and immplementing that plan.

What is involved in effective problem solving?

A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.

What is scientific law?

observation.

A scientific problem is often discovered when what is made, which leads to a question.

theory.

An explanation may become a what if the same results are found after many tests.

genes.

DNA has segments called?

analytical chemistry

Determining the amount of mercury present in a soil sample.

biochemistry

Developing a better insulin-delivery system for diabetics.

organic chemistry

Developing a new carbon-based fiber for clothing.

communicaiton.

Exchanging ideas about science is called

Known - total distance = 10 miles. Rate of walking = 1 mile in 20 minutes. Number of minutes in an hour = 60. Unknown - total time - ? h.

For the following word problem, list the known and unknown information: A person can walk a mile in 20 minutes. The person is going for a 10-mile walk. How many hours will it take for the person to complete the walk?

when repeated.

For the results of the test to be accepted, the test must produce the same results

Human Genome Project.

Genes are identified by?

chemicals such as insulin

Genes are used to produce?

experiment.

Testing a proposed explanation requires designing an

Make a plan for getting from the unknown to the known.

After you identify the known and unknown in a conceptual problem, what should you do next?

mixtures and purifyging chemicals.

Alchemists developed processes for separating

If all other variables are kept constant, the volume of a gas increases as the temperature increases.

Circle the letter of each statement that expresses a scientific law.

Batteries use chemicals to store energy.

Circle the letter of the statement that is always true about a battery.

oxygen.

Circle the letter of the word that identifies what Lavoisier demonstrated was necessary for materials to burn.

making an observation.

Circle the letterof the activity that involves using the sense to gather information directly.

inorganic chemistry

Comparing the hardness of copper and silver.

A pollutant is a material found in air, water, and soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms.

Define a pollutant.

gene therapy.

Genes may be used for?

Scientists use journals to keep up with new discoveries.

How are journals helpful to scientists?

Soybean plants can be used to make biodiesel, a fuel that burns more cleanly than regular diesel.

How are soybeans used as a source of energy?

the modified potato plant grows when it needs water.

How can a potato plant modified with a jellyfish gene help a farmer to conserve water?

He demonstrated the importance of measurement.

How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?

Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.

How do chemists contribute to agriculture?

Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow.

How does insulation help conserve energy?

Low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system, especially of growing children.

How is lead harmful to humans?

Reread the problem. Make an estimate of the answer.

If your answer to a problem does not seem reasonable, list two things you can do.

The plastic tube emits a chemical that attracts male pinworm moths, which reduces the number of harmful pinworms produced.

In Figure 1.11, how does the plastic tube around the tomato stem protect the plant?

microscopic.

In George de Mestral's hook-and-loop tapes, were the hooks macroscopic or microscopic?

false.

Is the following sentence true or false? Once a theor has been proven, no experiment will ever disprove it.

true

Is the following sentence true or false? The boundaries between the five areas of chemistry are not firm.

false

Is the following statement true or false? Chemists design materials to fit general needs.

false.

Is the following statement true or false? Experts in an author's field review articles after they are published in a journal.

true.

Is the following statement true or false? Scientists from different disciplines may need to work together on a problem because the problem is too complex for one person to solve.

firefighter, turf manager, and photographer.

List three careers that require some knowledge of chemistry.

plastic tubes to repalce diseasd arteries; artificial hips and knees; plastic "skin" that can heal itself when it cracks.

List three new materials chemists have developed that have medical applications.

conserving energy; producing more energy.

List two ways to meet the demand for energy.

Astronauts collected rock samples from Earth's moon. Rocks on Mars were analyzed by a robotic vehicle.

Look at Figure 1.14 on page 17. Wha tis the key difference in the methods scientists used to analyze rocks from Earth's moon and Mars?

shopping

Name an everyday situation that requires problem-solving skills.

developing techniques for working with metals, glass, and dyes.

Practical alchemy focused on

light they transmit.

Scientists can learn about the chemical composition of stars by analyzing the

collaboration.

Several scientists working together to solve a problem is

biotechnology.

The field that applies sceince to the produciton of biological products is

responding variable.

The variable that is observed during an experiment is the?

manipulated variable.

The variable that you change during an experiment is the?

organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry.

What are the five major areas of chemistry?

Chemistry use knowledge of the structure and funciton of chemicals in cells to design safe and effective drugs.

What is the role of chemistry in the development of medicines?

It is a logical systematic, approach to the solution of a scientific problem.

What is the scientific method?

where you are starting from (what is known) and where you are going (the unknown).

What must you determine first when solving a word problem?

blood testing; regulating sales of older homes to families with younger children; public awareness campaigns.

What strategies have been used to prevent lead poisoning in children?

Chemists design pesticides that only kill specific insects because some insects are helpful and shouldn't be destroyed.

What type of pesticides do chemists desgin to protect crops?

explaining the natural world; preparing for a career; being an informed citizen.

Why is the study of chemistry important?

The moon and planets do not emit light.

Why won't the method used to discover the chemical composition of stars work for the moon and planets?

physical chemistry

investigating ways to slow down the rusting of steel.

Matter

is anything that has mass and takes up space.

applied chemistry

is research that is direted toward a practical goal or application.

pure chemistry

is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.

Chemistry

is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.