Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Describe the relationship between each of the following pairs: molecules and cells, tissues and organs, organs and organ systems.

-Molecules & cells molecules form together to make organelles which make up cells -Tissues & Organs Groups of different tissues form organs -Organs & Organ Systems groups of organs that function closely together form organ systems

Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.

-anatomy is the study of the structure of the body; their forms and organization -physiology is the study of the function of the body; what they do and how they do it

List the cavities of the head and the contents of each cavity.

1. Oral Cavity -Contains the teeth and tongue 2. Nasal Cavity -Connecting with several different sinuses 3. Orbital Cavities -containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves 4. Middle Ear Cavities -containing the middle ear bones (page 21)

Describe the homeostatic mechanisms that help regulate blood pressure and blood glucose-- what do they have in common and how are they different?

BLOOD GLUCOSE - the pancreas has a set level that blood glucose should remain at. If the pancreas detects a low blood glucose level, the pancreas will releaee glucagon to raise the levels. If the glucose level is high, the pancreas detects this and releases insulin to lower the glucose level. BLOOD PRESSURE -

Describe a general physiological control system, including the role of negative feedback.

1. Receptors - provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internsl environment 2. Control Center - decision maker that includes a set point 3. Effectors - take action and cause the proper reaction to the stimuli Negative feedback- responses to the receptors that gradually bring the cell back to normal, because the deviation from the set point is corrected (moved in the opposite or negative direction( and becaise the correction reduces the response of the effectors.

Describe how an early interest in the human body eventually led to the development of modern medical science.

Early doctors began to learn how certain herbs and potions affected bod functions, and the idea that humans could understand forces that caused natural events led to the development of modern science.

Explain the relationship between homeostasis and the internal environment.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Explain the control of body temperature.

Temperature receptors detect the change, and in response the hypothalamus initiates a series of actions that dissipate body heat-- sweat glands secrete watery perspiration and blood vessels in the skin dilate to release heat. If the person is cold, the hypothalamus signals the blood vessels in the skin to contract, and muscle cells will be stimulated to shiver, all to preserve heat.

Identify the cavities within the axial portion of the body.

The axial portion of the body contains the cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities (20).

Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.

The axial portion of the body includes the head, neck, and trunk (20). The appendicular portion of the body includes the upper and lower limbs (20).

Name the body cavity that houses each of the following organs: a. stomach b. heart c. brain d. liver e. trachea f. rectum g. spinal cord h. esophagus i. spleen j. urinary bladder

a. abdominal cavity b. Mediastinum (within the thoracic cavity) c. Cranial d. abdominal cavity e. Mediastinum f. Pelvic g. Spinal Cavity (aka, vertebral canal) h. Mediastinum (within the thoracic cavity) i. Abdominal j. Pelvic

List the major organs that compose each organ system and identify their functions.

~Integumentary System~ SKIN (and accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands). ---protects underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, houses a variety of sensory receptors, and synthesizes certain products. ~Skeletal System~ BONES (as well as ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together at joints). ---provides frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues, attachments for muscles, and act together with muscles when body parts move; tissues within bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts. ~~~Muscular System~~~ MUSCLES ---provides the forces to move body parts, maintains posture, main source of body heat. ~~~Nervous system~~~ Brain, spinal chord, nerves ---Controls and adjusts organ systems to maintain homeostasis, detects and causes responses to inner and outer changes/stimuli ~~~Endocrine System~~~ GLANDS ---Secrete hormones ~~~Cardiovascular~~~ HEART arteries capillaries veins and blood ---muscular pump that force blood through the blood vessels. ~~~Lymphatic~~~ LYMPH NODES spleen lymphatic vessels lymph fluid thymus ~Digestive~ STOMACH large and small intestines mouth teeth tongue pharynx esophagus liver gallbladder pancreas --- Breaks down food so that it can be absorbed into the body ~Respiratory~ LUNGS trachea, nasal cavity pharynx larynx bronchi --- move air in and out of the body ~Urinary System~ KIDNEYS, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra --- remove waste from blood and assist in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte concentrations. ~Reproductive System~ FEMALE~ OVARIES, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, clitoris, vulva. --- Supports developement of embryo, produce female sex cells ~Reproductive System~ MALE~ TESTES, scrotum, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbouretral glands, urethra, and penis.

Describe the general contribution of each of the organ systems to maintaining homeostasis.

~Integumentary system helps regulate body temperatur ~

Identify those characteristics of living organisms that relate to metabolism.

MOVEMENT change i position of the body or of a body part, motion of an internal organ RESPONSIVENESS reaction to change inside or outside the body GROWTH increase in body size without change in shaoe REPRODUCTION production of new organisms and new cells RESPIRATION obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration) DIGESTION breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used ABSORPTION passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids CIRCULATION movement of substances in body fluids ASSIMILATION changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms EXCRETION removal of waste produced by metabolic reactions

Distinguish between a parietal and visceral membrane.

Parietal membranes line the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity, and visceral membranes cover most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (22).

Describe each of the underlying mechanisms common to anatomy and physiology.

Pressure Gradient - substances moving from high pressure to low pressure Concentration Gradient - substances moving from areas of high concentration to kow concentration (down the CG) by a process called diffusion. Permeable - whether or not the cell membrane will allow a substance to pass through Cellular Differentiation - the process by which cells become specialized Membrane Receptors - receptors on the cell membrane that allow cells to communicate with each other Homeostatic Mechanisms - the mechanisms that make adjustments to the internal environment when it has been compromised Feedback Loop - a form of cell to cell communication where cells signal other cells when change needs to be made, and when the change is done

Describe the mediastinum and its contents.

The mediastinum is a compartment that extends from the sternum and backward to the vertebral canal. It froms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity, and contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus (20). It does NOT contain the lungs.

Define viscera.

The organs contained in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (20).

Define each of the following terms a. superior b. inferior c. anterior d. posterior e. medial f. lateral g. bilateral h. ipsilateral i. contralateral j. proximal k. distal l. superficial m. peripheral n. deep

a. means a part is above another part. (The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity.) b. Means a part that is below another part. (The neck is inferior to the head.) c. (ventral) means toward the front. (The eyes are anterior towards the brain.) d. (Dorsal) means toward the back. (The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity.) e. refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A part is medial if it is closer to the midline than another part. (The nose is medial to the eyes.) f. means toward the side, away from midline. (The ears are lateral to the eyes.) g. Bilateral refers to paired structures, one on each side of midline. (The lungs are bilateral). h. Ipsilateral refers to structures on the same side. (The right lung and the right kidney are ipsilateral.) i. Contralateral refers to structures on the opposite side. (A patient with a fractured leg would have to bear with on the contralateral-- in this case, left-- lower limb.) j. proximal describes a part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. (The elbow is proximal to the wrist.) Proximal may also refer to anothe rreference point such as teh proximal tubules, which are closer to the filtering structures in teh kidney.

Explain the relationship between between the form and function of body parts and give three examples.

anatomical structures make possible their functions. 1. long jointed fingers make grasping possible 2. the shape of the mouth enables it to receive food 3. the heart's powerful muscular walls contract and propel blood out of the chamber and into blood vessels, and heart valves keep blood moving in the proper direction