Chapter 1 Introduction to physiology

Mass balance involves determining the total amount of substance in the body. We can determine the rate production of this substance by which of the following formulas?

(Concentration of substance) X (volume/min)

Individuals with type 1 diabetes do not make enough insulin. Which of the following would be mechanistic explanation of how the insulin is used by the body?

Insulin binds to its receptors which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

You conduct a experiment on twenty 18 year old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence the heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a independent variable?

Intensity of the exercise

What is the nocebo effect?

It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than a otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug has not been informed.

A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________ medicine.

evidence based

Which of the following is a buffer zone between outside world and most of the cells body?

extracellular fluid

The law of mass balance states

if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. What type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger?

positive feedback

A placebo is

A drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect

Why is it necessary to label the axis of a graph?

A graph with no labels is meaningless you don't know what the graph is showing.

What is the difference between a peer review article and a review article?

A peer reviewed article describes original research by one author that have gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientist review the work. A review article is a summary that discusses a particular topic in the field.

Which of the following systems does NOT exchange materials with the internal and external environments?

Circulatory system

A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a __________ study.

Crossover

Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body.

False

Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near set points?

Feedback loops

You conduct a experiment on twenty 18 year old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence the heart rate. Which of the following is/are a dependent variable?

Heart rate

Explain why the prefix homeo is used in homeostasis. Why do some physiologist prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis?

Homeo means like or similar, it is used to indicate internal environment is in a acceptable range. Some physiologist argue the term homeodynamics better reflects a small but constant changes that continuously take place, where homeostasis implies lack of change.

Which of the following is one of cannons "internal secretions?

Hormones

A scientific logical guess is a

Hypothesis

Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured?

It misrepresents the data, will make the data be skewed.

What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology?

It predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. It is possible to know how a gene code works for a certain protein without knowing why that protein exist. The genome is only a small piece.

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse?

Line graph

You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation?

MedlinePlusPubMed

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion?

Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin.

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of:

Nature

Sarah has just flown around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition know as insomnia. How do you thinks Sarah's long flight and her insomnia are related to our biological rhythm?

Our sleep wake cycle is a rhythm that lets our body know when we need rest. Most likely she ignored the signal of sleepiness, body temperature and the mood that is signaling her body. By ignoring this she disrupted the cycle and her body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.

How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called

Pharmacogenomics

The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project.

Physiome

________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________.

Regulated variables, setpoint

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is

Teleological

The human environment is terrestrial, dry and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why or bodies do this is what kind of scientific endeavor?

Teleological

Physiology is the study of:

The normal function of living organism.

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What would be the labels for the graph axes?

The x axis is horse name/number the y axis is the finish time in minutes.

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What would be the labels for the graph axes?

The x axis is the race number/date, the y is the finish times in minutes.

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes?

The x axis is vitamin does, the y axis is the finish time in minutes.

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What type of graph would be best to display this information?

bar graph

The vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following?

local control

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is

mechanistic

A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is

meta-analysis

Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the scientific process: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication.

observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory

The study of body function in a disease state is

pathophysiology

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to

quickly restore changed conditions to normal

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose?

scatter plot

Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the

the physiological functions that promote an organism's survival

If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a

theory