chapter 1: Nutrition

3 functional categories of nutrients

1. Provide energy 2. Promote growth and development 3. Regulate body processes

One cup of chocolate milk contains 15 grams of carbohydrates, 8 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. This cup of chocolate milk supplies ______ kilocalories.

164

What's a carbohydrate?

A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Sugars, starches, and fibers are forms of carbohydrates.

whats a lipid?

A compound containing much carbon and hydrogen, little oxygen, and sometimes other atoms. Lipids do not dissolve in water and include fats, oils, and cholesterol.

Which of the following is not one of the six categories of Healthy People 2020: Nutrition and Weight Status Objectives?

Calcium Deficiency

whats a vitamin?

Compound needed in very small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body.

whats a mineral?

Element used to promote chemical reactions and form body structures.

healthy people 2020 was designed to..

Eliminate health disparities, improve access to health education, and quality health care, and strengthen public health services.

The 2012 Food and Health Survey indicated that after taste, __________ is now the number two reason why people choose the food they do.

cost

Which of the following are substances in plant foods that are not digested in the stomach or small intestine?

dietary fiber

Complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested completely, and contributes mass to help produce solid waste

fiber

what factors influence our food choices?

flavor/texture/appearance, early influences, routines & habits, advertising, restaurant dining, time & convenience and economics

What are the 3 leading causes of death in the US?

heart disease, cancer, stroke

what two things influence our desire to eat?

hunger and appetite

what is nutrition?

is the science that links foods to health and disease. It includes the processes by which the human organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, and excretes food substances.

what happens when we have too much nutrients?

lead to obesity, heart disease, and other serious health problems. In either case, you can die.

A chemical compound that does not dissolve easily in water. It is generally consumed as a fat or an oil. Most are chemically known as triglycerides

lipid

A nutrient that we need in high quantities, usually measured in grams (g). This includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water

macronutrient

A vitamin or mineral that is essential, but only needed in small quantities, usually measured in milligrams (mg) or micrograms (μg)

micronutrient

A basic element needed in small quantities in the body for biochemical processes. It also helps form body structures

mineral

nutrient classes that provide energy

most carbohydrates, proteins, most lipids

A substance in food that nourishes the body, either by providing energy, supplying body mass, or by contributing to complex biochemical processes is a

nutrient

A ______ is generally a fake medicine used to disguise the treatments of participants in an experiment.

placebo

A nutrient responsible for forming body mass and for acting as an enzyme to facilitate biochemical processes in the body

protein

Nutrient Classes That Promote Growth, Development, and Maintenance

proteins, lipids, some vitamins, some minerals and water

nutrient classes that regulate body processes

proteins, some lipids, some vitamins, some minerals, water

Which of the following is not true about water? a.Provides energy b. Provides a way to transport nutrients and wastes c. By-product of cell chemical reactions d. Dietary need of approximately 9 to 13 cups per day

provides energy

Which of the following is not true about water? provides energy, provides a way to transport nutrients and wastes, by-product of cell chemical reactions, diatery need of 9-13 cups per day

provides energy

When the cells of the ______ are stimulated, the desire to eat subsides.

satiety center of the brain

A warning sign or symptom of alcohol poisoning is

semiconsciousness or unconsciousness.

which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate? starch, table sugar, disaccharide, monosaccharide

starch

What are lipids used for?

store energy

Examples of complex carbohydrates

sugars and plant foods, such as grains, vegetables, and fruits.

Nutrition is

the science that links food to health and disease.

why are carbohydrates preferred for energy?

they can be broken down into sugars that fuel cells easily

where are simple sugars found

vegetables, fruits and dairy products

A nutrient needed in small amounts to regulate body functions and processes

vitamin

A nutrient that acts as a solvent and lubricant within the body, supporting biochemical processes and aiding in waste elimination

water

what happens when we dont get enough nutrients?

weak and tired. Imbalances in the hormonal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems cause diseases and malnutrition you are not able to think clearly because your brain is not nourished. You lose important body mass, including fat and muscle.

Examples of nutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water

Which of the following includes all energy-yielding substances?

Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein

Minerals can A. provide energy. B. be destroyed during cooking. C. be degraded by the body. D. become part of the body structural systems.

Become part of the body structural systems

what characteristics are needed for a substance to be considered an essential nutrient?

First, at least one specific biological function Some examples follow of the nutrient must be identified in the body. Second, omission of the nutrient from the diet must lead to a decline in certain biological functions, such as production of blood cells. Third, replacing the omitted nutrient in the diet before permanent damage occurs will restore those normal biological functions.

What's a protein?

Food and body compounds made of amino acids; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes other atoms, in a specific configuration.

What is the difference between food and nutrients?

Food provides the energy (in the form of calories) as well as the materials needed to build and maintain all body cells. Nutrients are the substances obtained from food that are vital for growth and maintenance of a healthy body throughout life.

What's a kilocalorie?

Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 liter) of water 1 degree Celsius; also written as Calories.

what are the 3 essential functions of nutrients in the body?

Provides calories that our body depend upon for energy Forms and maintains the actual physical structure of our bodies Facilitates processes and functions that keep our bodies operating properly

What is satiety?

State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction.

what is hunger?

The primarily physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating.

What is appetite?

The primarily psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger.

whats water?

The universal solvent; chemically, H2O. The body is composed of about 60% water.

what factors influence satiety?

When stimulated, cells in the feeding center signal us to eat. As we eat, cells in the satiety center are stimulated and we stop eating.

What do carbohydrates provide?

a major source of calories for the body

What is epidemiology?

a study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

What is a nutrient?

a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

What do complex carbohydrates do?

add more fiber, aid in digestion and leave of waste and energy boost

The building block of proteins, made from nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other substances. It is one of the few sources of nitrogen for the body

amino acids

What is an essential nutrient?

any substance that must be provided to an organism

Which of the following terms describes psychological influences that encourage us to find and eat food?

appetite

A unit of measurement for the energy content of nutrients; it is the amount of heat energy that is needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. When discussing nutrition, however, the term usually refers to a kilocalorie (1,000 calories)

calorie

A type of energy-yielding nutrient usually found in grains, starchy vegetables, pastas, or sugars. The chemical structure includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbohydrate

Certain nutrients provide us with energy. Some are important for growth and development. Others act to keep body functions running smoothly. Which of the following nutrients does not promote growth and development as its primary function?

carbohydrates

which of the following does not regulate body processes? Proteins, carbohydrates, water and vitamins

carbohydrates