Chapter 1 (Part 1)

Structuralism

early school of psychology that emphasized studying the basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences

Funtionalism

early school of pyschology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences

Wilhelm Wundt

(1832-1920) German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research lab in 1879 in Leipzig

William James

(1842-1910) American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United States and established the pyschological school called functionalism

G. Stanley Hall

(1844-1924) American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the USA; founded the American Psychological Association (APA)

Ivan Pavlov

(1849-1936) Russian physiologist whose pioneering research on learning contributed to the development of behaviorism; discovered the basic learning process that is now called classical conditioning

Sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) American physician and founder of psychanalysis

Mary Whiton Calkins

(1863-1930) American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; established one of the first U.S. psychology research labs; first woman president of the APA

Edward B. Titchener

(1867-1927) British-born American psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology

Margaret Floy Washburn

(1871-1939) American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the U.S.; published research on mental processes in animals

John B. Watson

(1878-1958) American psychologist who founded behaviorism; emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes

Carl Rogers

(1902-1987) American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology

B. F. Skinner

(1904-1990) American psychologist and leading proponent of behaviorism; developed a model of learning called operant conditioning, emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable behavior

Abraham Maslow

(1908-1970) American humanistic psychologist who developed the theory of motivation

Individualist cultures

cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group

Scientific method

a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions

Culture

attitudes, values,beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another

Cross-cultural psychology

branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes

Collectivistic cultures

cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual

Psychoanalysis

personality theory and form of psychology that emphasize the role unconscious factors in personality and behavior

Humanistic psychology

school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction

Behaviorism

school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning

Ethocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures

Pyschology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes