Chapter 1 SB

_______________ is the study of body structures

anatomy

what is the smallest particle of matter with a unique chemical identity?

atom

anatomy is the study of _______________

body structures

in the word cardiology, the root is _____________

cardi-

what is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the function of life?

cell

the study of individual cells is called _______________

cytology

without the use of energy, matter and energy tend to flow ____________

down gradients

true or false: a tissue is more complex than an organ

false

what type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

gross

a(n) ____________ is made up of two or more atoms

molecule

organelles are composed of _____________

molecules

the inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?

observation

what is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

organ system

contractions during childbirth is an example of a ___________ feedback mechanism

positive

what is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

receptor

what are the benefits of a large sample size? select all that apply

- it controls for individual variation - it controls for chance events - it enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome

which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

- it is testable and falsifiable - it is consistent with what is already known

an organ is best described as which of the following?

a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom

atom cell tissue organ organ system organism

in which of the following does a surgeon learn a procedure on animals before practicing on humans?

comparative physiology

which is an example of a class of tissue?

connective

an example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) ____________ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) _____________ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested

control, experimental

corpora is the plural form of _____________

corpus

what is the plural form of cortex?

cortices

dissection and anatomy both mean

cutting apart

a structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n) ______________

effector

what is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?

effector

responsiveness is also known as ____________

excitability

what is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called?

excitability

in an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _______________ group contains the variable being tested

experimental

information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

fact

true or false: the scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection

false

true or false: the study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not the fine details of cells

false

a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variation between one point and another is a physiological ______________

gradient

students are looking at major arteries and veins on the surface of the heart, which does not require a microscope. they are studying the __________ of the heart

gross anatomy

the study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called ______________

histology

which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?

histopathology

of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

hypothesis

part of a hip bone is an ______________, while the final portion of the small intestine is the ______________

ilium, ileum

to be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

independently verified

the ____________ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation. it is a specific tool within the scientific method

inductive

which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, related it to other information, and makes a decision of action?

integrating center

the name of a middle-ear bone is _____________, while the name of a bony protuberance at the ankle is ______________

malleus, malleolus

most exploratory surgery has been replaced with ________________

medical imaging techniques

match each term with its correct definition

neurophysiology- physiology of the nervous system endocrinology- physiology of hormones pathophysiology- study of disease mechanisms comparative physiology- study of how biological processes vary in different animal species

what is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?

organ

a single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a living _____________

organism

which of the following describes a single complete individual?

organism

taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of which of the following?

palpation

when a doctor feels for a swollen lymph node, what action is she using in her exam?

palpation

the subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is _______________

pathophysiology

a(n) __________ reviews is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field

peer

what is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

peer review

medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?

physiological variation

differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what?

physiological variations

a _____________ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment

placebo

what is a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment called?

placebo

which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic or molecules in and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

what type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?

positive

which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?

processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

______________ is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body

radiology

the number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the ____________ size

sample

which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

scientific method

the name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n) _____________

sensory receptor

changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what?

stimuli

a prefix and a ____________ are word-elements that modify the core meaning of the root

suffix

a group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ _____________

system

an international body of anatomists convened in 1998 to standardize anatomical terminology. the result was a book known as the ______________ which accepts both latin and common English equivalents

terminologia anatomica

match the standardized list of anatomical terminology on the left with its description on the right

terminologia anatomica- included latin and commonly used English terms, devised in 1998 nomina anatomica- purged eponyms from terminology and included only latin terms, devised in the late 1800s

what does the term dissection refer to?

the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships

what is gross anatomy?

the study of body structures that can be observed without magnification

an aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) _____________

tissue