Chapter 1 Study Guide, Ch 2 Study guide, Psych Ch.3, pysch ch 4

IMPORTANT Psychiatrist: _______: Psychologist: _______ A. M.D. ; Ph.D. B. M.A. ; M.S. C. B.A. ; B.S. D. Ph.D.; M.D.

A. M.D. ; Ph.D.

Which of the following least describes a risk factor for SIDS? A. above average birth weight B. hyperthermia C. premature birth D. smoking in the home

A. above average birth weight

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity? A. adrenal B. pancreas C. testes D. thyroid

A. adrenal

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

A. agreeableness

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. kappa

A. alpha

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. A. amygdala B. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus D. pons

A. amygdala

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete? A. androgens B. dopamine C. endorphins D. estrogens

A. androgens

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? A. biopsychology B. developmental psychology C. personality psychology D. sensation and perception

B. developmental psychology

Jane has recently been having trouble staying awake throughout the day. Which area of Jane's brain is most likely related to her difficulty? A. cerebellum B. pons C. medulla D. cerebrum

B. pons

A dependent variable is A. theorized. B. hypothesized. C. measured. D. manipulated

C. measured.

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. A. only behavior. B. only the mind. C. the mind and behavior. D. the soul, the mind, and behavior

C. the mind and behavior.

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. Archival B. Correlational C. Cross-sectional D. Longitudinal

D. Longitudinal

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

D. sympathetic

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. A. cognition and emotion. B. language, such as speech. C. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face. D. temperature, touch, and pain.

D. temperature, touch, and pain.

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. Smart students watch less television. c. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

d. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. a. naturalistic observation b. survey research c. longitudinal research d. archival research

d. archival research

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree d. bachelor's degree

d. bachelor's degree

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________. a. pupil dilation b. storage of glucose in the liver c. increased heart rate d. both A and C

d. both A and C

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons. a. soma b. terminal buttons c. myelin sheath d. dendrites

d. dendrites

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: a. estrogen and progesterone b. norepinephrine and epinephrine c. thyroxine and oxytocin d. glucagon and insulin

d. glucagon and insulin

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA. a. allele b. chromosome c. epigenetic d. mutation

d. mutation

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications. a. sleep apnea b. RBD c. SIDS d. narcolepsy

d. narcolepsy

An individual may suffer from __, if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing. A. central sleep apnea B. obstructive sleep apnea C. narcolepsy D. SIDS

A. central sleep apnea

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control movement and finer motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area

A. cerebellum

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

B. Carl Rogers

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A. Attrition B. Inter-rater reliability C. The control group D. Validity

B. Inter-rater reliability

Who is generally recognized as the founder of American psychology? A. Hall B. James C. Wundt D. Freud

B. James

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

B. John Hobson

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A. Brain organization B. Lateralization C. Synaptogenesis D. Wernicke's area

B. Lateralization

A(n) _______uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. A. EEG B. MRI C. PET scan D. CT scan

B. MRI

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is least true? A. Brain areas involved in sleep-wake cycles include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons. B. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle. C. Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones. D. They are controlled by multiple brain areas acting together.

B. Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. statistical analysis d. placebo

d. placebo

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation

d. proposed explanation

Sleep cycles repeat about every minutes, and the typical adult has______cycles per night. A. 60 ; six to seven B. 60 ; three to four C. 90 ; four to five D. 120 ; two to three

C. 90 ; four to five

William James was the ________. A. author of the first psychology textbook. B. father of psychology. C. first American psychologist. D. first psychoanalyst.

C. First American psychologist

_______ psychologists counsel medically-related problems, while _______ psychologists apply science to solve business-related problems. A. Personality; social B. Social; personality C. Health; industrial/organizational D. Industrial/organizational; health

C. Health; industrial/organizational

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Reliability refers to consistency. B. Validity refers to accurate measure. C. Human research does not require IRB approval. D. Research subjects provide informed consent.

C. Human research does not require IRB approval

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A. Behaviorism B. Gestalt C. Humanism D. Structuralism

C. Humanism

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants. A. Institutional Research Board B. Institutional Research Bureau C. Institutional Review Board D. Institutional Review Bureau

C. Institutional Review Board

Which of the following least describes a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A. It can be tested using empirical methods. B. It is an if-then statement. C. It is complex. D. It is falsifiable.

C. It is complex.

Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken? A. Jane is in Stage 1 of sleep. B. Amy is in Stage 2 of sleep. C. John is in Stage 3 of sleep. D. Andy has just fallen asleep.

C. John is in Stage 3 of sleep.

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. a. operationalizing b. placebo effect c. random assignment d. random sampling

d. random sampling

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep. a. jet lag b. rotating shift work c. circadian rhythm d. sleep debt

d. sleep debt

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain? a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. substantia nigra

d. substantia nigra

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. a. archive b. case Study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

d. survey

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. a. observable b. original c. provable d. testable

d. testable

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus

d. thalamus

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt d. unconditional positive regard

d. unconditional positive regard

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. a. were too limited in scope b. were too outrageous c. were too broad d. were not testable

d. were not testable

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. A. a single gene. B. different genes under different circumstances. C. different parts of only a few different genes. D. more than one gene.

D. more than one gene.

Neurons ____ touch. A. always B. sometimes C. usually D. never

D. never

In the cerebral cortex, _______is to vision as _______is to hearing. A. occipital ; parietal B. temporal ; frontal C. frontal ; parietal D. occipital ; temporal

D. occipital ; temporal

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. extroversion C. neuroticism D. openness

D. openness

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? A. circadian rhythm B. consciousness C. jet lag D. sleep

D. sleep

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function. a. growth hormone b. melatonin c. LH d. FSH

b. melatonin

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________. a. soma b. myelin sheath c. synaptic vesicles d. dendrites

b. myelin sheath

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels. a. adrenal b. pituitary c. testes d. thyroid

b. pituitary

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks. a. melatonin b. slow-wave sleep c. sleep deprivation d. growth hormone

b. slow-wave sleep

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system. a. autonomic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

b. somatic

________ is another word for sleepwalking. a. insomnia b. somnambulism c. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

b. somnambulism

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________. a. essence b. soul c. behavior d. love

b. soul

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 and stage 4 d. REM

b. stage 2

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world. A. Lucid dreaming B. Manifest content c. Protoconsciousness D. Stage 1 sleep

c. Protoconsciousness

Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. a. amygdala b. Broca's Area c. Wernicke's Area d. occipital lobe

c. Wernicke's Area

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system. a. axon b. SSRI c. agonist d. antagonist

c. agonist

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. a. deception b. observation c. attrition d. generalization

c. attrition

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. a. RBD b. CPAP c. cataplexy d. insomnia

c. cataplexy

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation. a. schizophrenia b. Parkinson's disease c. depression d. generalized anxiety disorder

c. depression

The body's biological clock is located in the ________. a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. pituitary gland

c. hypothalamus

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. a. associate's b. bachelor's c. master's d. doctoral

c. master's

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

c. naturalistic observation

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. a. randomly assign b. randomly select c. operationalize d. generalize

c. operationalize

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease. a. somatic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. spinal cord

c. parasympathetic nervous system

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. a. psychosexual stage b. object permanence c. personality d. perception

c. personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics

c. philosophy

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands. a. ovary b. thyroid c. pituitary d. pancreas

c. pituitary

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep. a. pineal gland b. thyroid c. pituitary gland d. pancreas

c. pituitary gland

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 and stage 4 d. REM sleep

c. stage 3 and stage 4

The major limitation of case studies is ________. a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter-rater reliability

c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

A person's participation in a research project must be ________. a. confidential b. rewarded c. voluntary d. public

c. voluntary

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. bachelor of science b. bachelor of art c. master's d. PhD

d. PhD

The ________ plays a role in controlling slowwave sleep. a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pons d. both a and b

d. both a and b

The central nervous system is comprised of ________. a. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems b. organs and glands c. somatic and autonomic nervous systems d. brain and spinal cord

d. brain and spinal cord

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. A. billions B. tens of thousands C. thousands D. millions

A. billions

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

A. biology

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. biopsychologist. B. developmental psychologist. C. humanist. D. social psychologist.

A. biopsychologist

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way? A. caffeine B. insomnia C. narcolepsy D. sugar

A. caffeine

Dr. Johnson is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies. B. correlational. C. cross-sectional. D. surveys.

A. case studies.

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. A. case study B. experiment C. cross-section D. survey

A. case study

The brain and spinal cord constitute the ________nervous system. A. central B. somatic C. peripheral D. autonomic

A. central

Which of the following correlations represents two variables with the strongest relationship? A. +0.80 B. -0.95 C. +0.85 D. -0.75

B. -0.95

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B. 2

The most prominent psychologist organization in the U.S. is the A. American Psychiatric Association. B. American Psychological Association. C. Association for Psychological Science. D. American Psychological Society

B. American Psychological Association

Which of the following statements is least considered to be a hypothesis? A. Aggressive behaviors in female rats will be increased by testosterone administration, compared to a control group. B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences. C. College students with higher conscientiousness will achieve higher overall GPAs than those with lower conscientiousness. D. Rats with damage to their cerebellum will display deficits in motor coordination, using the rotarod test.

B. Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

Which of the following situations is the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Aaron's body releases glucose when he stands up to the bully at school B. Betty calms down as she drifts off into sleep at night C. Chan's pupils dilate when he tells a lie to his father D. Dawn's heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam

B. Betty calms down as she drifts off into sleep at night

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? A. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. C. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. D. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? A. -0.9 B. 0 C. +0.2 D. +0.9

C. +0.2

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A. 1600s B. 1700s C. 1800s D. 1900s

C. 1800s

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. A. Confirmation bias B. Experimenter bias C. Illusory correlation D. Sampling bias

A. Confirmation bias

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? A. Dissertation B. Ph.D. C. Postdoctorate D. Psy.D.

A. Dissertation

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A. -.90 B. -.50 C. +.80 D. +.25

A. -.90

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? A. -0.5 B. -0.2 C. +0.4 D. +0.7

A. -0.5

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation? A. -0.9 B. -0.2 C. +0.2 D. +0.9

A. -0.9

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ____sleep. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

A. 1

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of clientcentered therapy? A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

A. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A. Archival B. Correlational C. Experimental D. Survey

A. Archival

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A. Attrition B. Experimenter bias C. Generalizability D. Single blinding

A. Attrition

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? A. Audition B. Pain C. Touch D. Vision

A. Audition

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. B. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. C. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality. D. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender.

A. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Which of the following processes least describes a function of the cerebral cortex? A. Breathing B. Thinking C. Memory D. Reasoning

A. Breathing

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? A. Broca's area B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. Wernicke's area

A. Broca's area

Who described the collective unconscious? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

A. Carl Jung

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results? A. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. B. Environmental factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. C. Genetic factors are most important to determining whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. D. Not enough information is provided in order to make a conclusion about environmental versus genetic contributions to schizophrenia.

A. Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? A. Expose yourself to bright light while working. B. Surround yourself with darkness while working. C. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. D. Take regular naps throughout the day.

A. Expose yourself to bright light while working.

. Which part of the forebrain are sometimes described as the "executive center" and directs judgement, reasoning, and impulse control? A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Reticulartal lobe D. Parietal lobe

A. Frontal lobe

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. humanism C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

A. Gestalt psychology

The ________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects. A. IACUC B. IRB C. NIH D. NIMH

A. IACUC

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology? A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior. B. All evolutionary theories can easily be proven. C. Genetic factors in determining human behavior are completely ignored. D. There are no female evolutionary psychologists

A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. A. Jane Goodall B. Sigmund Freud C. Suzanne Fanger D. Tatiana Hogan

A. Jane Goodall

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness? A. Jena, competing in a marathon B. Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head C. Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep D. Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night

A. Jena, competing in a marathon

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

A. John Watson

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology? A. Male bias exists in science. B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women. C. Male psychologists never pay attention to relationships. D. Male psychologists only emphasize objective data over subjective data.

A. Male bias exists in science.

______ people need to spend ______ time sleeping than do ______ people. A. Older; less ; younger B. Younger ; less; older C. Older; more ; younger D. Younger ; the same amount of; older

A. Older; less ; younger

_______ refers to the consistency whereas _______ refers to accuracy. A. Reliability; validity B. Validity; reliability C. Statistical analysis; regression analysis D. Effect size; correlation

A. Reliability; validity

. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. A. basic survival needs B. comfort objects C. higher-level needs D. wants

A. basic survival needs

The client-centered perspective reflects the views of humanistic psychologists, such as _______ and _______, who emphasized the importance of subjective conscience experience and personal freedom and responsibility. A. Rogers ; Maslow B. Freud; Jung C. Wundt ; Werthmeier D. Watson ; Skinner

A. Rogers ; Maslow

Sudden muscle contractions while sleeping are called __________. A. Sleep spindles. B. Night terrors. C. RBDs D. K-complexes

A. Sleep spindles.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood. A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive." B. The word "famous" should be changed to the word "infamous." C. The word "infancy" should be changed to the word "adolescence." D. The name "Jean Piaget" should be changed to "Abraham Maslow."

A. The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil. A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good." B. The word "people" should be changed to the word "children." C. The word "people" should be changed to the word "groups." D. The word "potential" should be changed to the word "use

A. The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate A. a strong correlation. B. a weak correlation. C. it is unclear from the information given. D. no correlation.

A. a strong correlation.

Which of the following best describes a synapse? A. a tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried B. the tube-like part of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons C. Root like structure that receive neural impulses from other neurons D. Body organs or structures that produce secretions

A. a tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried

Dendrites ___________. A. absorb information into nerve cells. B. create chemicals that fire between neurons. C. enable potassium gates open. D. enable sodium gates open.

A. absorb information into nerve cells.

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation

A. action potential

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A. are possible to test with animal studies. B. are ethical to test with participants from prison populations. C. are ethical to test with subjects if they live in nursing homes. D. are possible to test if subjects are unaware of how permanently they are harmed.

A. are possible to test with animal studies.

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________. A. at least three nights a week for one month. B. even after taking medication. C. every time she attempts to sleep. D. three nights in a row.

A. at least three nights a week for one month.

Which of the following is least associated with a hindbrain structure? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. medulla D. pons

A. cerebrum

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of _ A. chromosomes ; DNA B. chromosomes ; genes C. DNA ; genes D. genes ; DNA

A. chromosomes ; DNA

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. A. circadian B. homeostatic C. meta D. pinea

A. circadian

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A. circadian B. external C. protoconscious D. stimulus

A. circadian

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. A. circular B. cyclical C. perfectionistic D. unpredictable

A. circular

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients. A. clinical B. experimental C. naturalistic D. patient

A. clinical

. Alice wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. In what area of psychology should she work? A. clinical psychology B. cognitive psychology C. organizational psychology D. social psychology

A. clinical psychology

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which of the following imaging techniques least describes a means to collect information about brain functioning? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalography (EEG) C. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which type of imaging would an individual least want repeated on a weekly basis due to radiation exposure? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias. B. confounding variable. C. correlational research. D. observer bias.

A. confirmation bias.

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. dependent variable D. independent variable

A. confounding variable

Sleep is considered to be an altered state of ________. A. consciousness. B. fusion. C. direction. D. climax.

A. consciousness.

The cerebellum controls _______. A. coordination. B. attention. C. pain. D. hearing.

A. coordination.

In ______ research researchers compare multiple segments of the population at the same time whereas, in ______ research, they gather data from the same group of people over time. A. cross-sectional; longitudinal B. longitudinal; cross-sectional C. survey; archival D. archival; survey

A. cross-sectional; longitudinal

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. A. darkness ; light. B. light ; darkness. C. pulsing light ; steady light. D. twilight ; gloom.

A. darkness ; light.

Testing ideas against the empirical world is to ______ as empirical observations leading to new ideas are to _______. A. deductive ; inductive. B. inductive ; deductive. C. constructive ; destructive. D. destructive ; constructive.

A. deductive ; inductive.

Harrison and colleagues are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus nondepressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. A. dependent variable. B. independent variable. C. operational definition. D. significant variable.

A. dependent variable.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _______. A. depression. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. Parkinson's disease. D. schizophrenia.

A. depression.

A major advantage of case studies is ________. A. detailed information. B. generalizability. C. large sample size. D. quick data collection.

A. detailed information.

The neurotransmitter ________ impacts "pleasure" and the neurotransmitter ________ impacts "mood." A. dopamine ; serotonin B. serotonin ; dopamine C. acetylcholine ; glutamate D. glutamate ; acetylcholine

A. dopamine ; serotonin

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves. A. electroencephalography (EEG) B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. electroencephalography (EEG)

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________. A. endocrine ; hormone B. endocrine ; neurotransmitter C. neurological ; hormone D. neurological ; neurotransmitter

A. endocrine ; hormone

. Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A. examination of anatomy and physiology B. exculpation C. extrospection D. interviews

A. examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following is least part of obtaining informed consent? A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants B. letting participants know that participation is voluntary C. obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D. reviewing that data is confidential

A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Which of the following least influences perception? A. hair color B. cultural background C. previous experiences D. where we focus our attention

A. hair color

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? A. homeostasis B. insomnia C. melatonin D. rhythm

A. homeostasis

Which of the following is least associated with an endocrine gland? A. hypothalamus B. ovaries C. pineal gland D. thyroid

A. hypothalamus

Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder? A. insomnia B. nightmare disorder C. narcolepsy D. sleepwalking

A. insomnia

. Which of the following is least involved in critical thinking? A. knowing your opinion is correct B. maintaining an attitude of skepticism C. making use of logical thinking D. recognizing internal biases

A. knowing your opinion is correct

An experimental group experiences A. manipulation. B. single-bind. C. double-bind. D. consistent bias.

A. manipulation.

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A. night terrors B.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) C. restless leg syndrome D. sleep apnea

A. night terrors

In the endocrine system, the ______ gland is considered the "master gland," because its messenger hormones control the other glands A. pituitary B. thyroid C. adrenal D. pancreas

A. pituitary

Research is conducted in psychology because __________ A. psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. B. people can only learn if they have experiments conducted on them. C. behavior is never predictable. D. it is the only way to know anything about people.

A. psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Clinical psychologists are to ______ as counseling psychologists are to _______. A. psychopathology ; normal human adjustment issues. B. normal human adjust issues ; psychopathology. C. writing prescriptions ; counseling. D. counseling ; writing prescriptions.

A. psychopathology ; normal human adjustment issues.

Identical twins _____. A. share the same genes. B. are half-related to one another. C. are just as related as any other brother/sister. D. seldom look/act alike.

A. share the same genes.

An area of the brain that regulates sleep-wake cycles (clock-mechanism) is the _______. A. suprachiasmatic nucleus. B. amygdala. C. septum. D. cingulate gyrus.

A. suprachiasmatic nucleus.

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. A. Cause-and-effect B. Correlation C. Reliability D. Validity

B. Correlation

. ______ research collects data at the same time while ______ research collects data over time. A. Archival ; empirical B. Cross-sectional ; longitudinal C. Empirical ; archival D. Longitudinal ; cross-sectional

B. Cross-sectional ; longitudinal

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Glutamate D. Serotonin

B. Dopamine

Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Francis Cecil Sumner C. Naomi Weisstein D. Noam Chomsky

B. Francis Cecil Sumner

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons? A. He had encephalitis as a child. B. He had severe seizures. C. He was born with an extra area of cortex. D. He was part of a medical trial study

B. He had severe seizures.

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A. Broca's area B. Hypothalamus C. Substantia nigra D. Thalamus

B. Hypothalamus

_______ is to animal research as _______ is to human research. A. Informed consent; deception B. IACUC ; IRB C. IRB ; IACUC D. Deception ; debriefing

B. IACUC ; IRB

Which of the following best exemplifies a personality trait? A. Greg eats a cupcake. B. Ida is charming. C. James has blue eyes. D. Marsha has three children.

B. Ida is charming.

Which of the following statements is most true? A. Frequent time shifting generally helps circadian rhythms. B. Melatonin-levels can impact sleep. C. Sleep rebound refers to the amount of time dreaming. D. Humans sleep around half of their total life span.

B. Melatonin-levels can impact sleep.

Which of the following is most true?. A. All psychologist agree regarding personality characterizes. B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics. C. No psychologists believe in personality characteristics. D. All psychologists deny personality as a field of study.

B. Not all psychologists agree regarding personality characteristics.

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. Generalizability B. Reliability C. Statistical significance D. Validity

B. Reliability

Which of the following senses is least likely to be routed through the thalamus? A. Audition B. Smell C. Taste D. Vision

B. Smell

Dr. Washington, a sleep researcher, looks at the EEG output of a participant from a sleep study. When Washington sees sleep spindles on the output, she indicates on the paper. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4

B. Stage 2

________ can be used to assess ________. A. Reliability ; validity. B. Statistical analyses ; reliability. C. Statistical analyses ; validity. D. Validity ; reliability.

B. Statistical analyses ; reliability.

Which of the following least describes healthier sleeping patterns? A. Avoid worrying while lying in bed at night. B. Taking naps. C. Only use sleep aid medication sparingly. D. Limiting intake of caffeine.

B. Taking naps.

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings? A. Cell membranes have carrier proteins for glucose but not for sodium. B. The cell membrane is semi-permeable. C. The membrane potential makes it difficult for sodium ions to diffuse across the membrane. D. The sodium-potassium pump keeps sodium inside the cell.

B. The cell membrane is semi-permeable.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior. A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to "Wilhelm Wundt." B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." C. The word "unconscious" to the word "conscious." D. The word "understand" should be changed to the word "believing."

B. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A. They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. C. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. D. They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime.

B. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. A. a person's consciousness B. a person's unconscious C. fetal development D. sexual identity

B. a person's unconscious

Critical thinking is ________. A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic. B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena. D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it.

B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________. A. archival research; naturalistic observation. B. archival research; surveys. C. case studies; naturalistic observation. D. experiments; surveys.

B. archival research; surveys.

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. A. acetylcholine B. beta-endorphin C. GABA D. norepinephrine

B. beta-endorphin

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0. B. between -1 and +1. C. between 0 and +1. D. between 0 and +100.

B. between -1 and +1.

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A. axon B. biological C. heterostatic D. suprachiasmatic

B. biological

Which part of the brain controls balance? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. pons D. medulla

B. cerebellum

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. extroversion D. neuroticism

B. conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience. B. consciousness. C. REM sleep. D. unconsciousness.

B. consciousness

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

B. control

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos

B. debrief participants; deception

In psychology research, ______ is allowed if ______ occurs. A. decryption ; deception B. deception ; debriefing C. detection ; dehabilitation D. detachment ; dereliction

B. deception ; debriefing

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable. A. confounding B. dependent C. experimental D. independent

B. dependent

Lucy wants to study changes in thinking skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _______ psychology. A. cognitive B. developmental C. personality D. social

B. developmental

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? A. dopamine; acetylcholine B. dopamine; norepinephrine C. serotonin; GABA D. serotonin; glutamate

B. dopamine; norepinephrine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned

B. double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind

B. double-blind

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? A. common opinions B. empirical studies C. intuition D. lucky breaks

B. empirical studies

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape. B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops. C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.

B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops.

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A. behavioral genetics B. evolution by natural selection C. genetic mutation D. survivalism

B. evolution by natural selection

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. A. detailed literature search. B. experiment. C. study. D. survey.

B. experiment.

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. survey

B. experimental

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A. fast ; a short duration B. fast ; long lasting C. slow ; a short duration D. slow ; long lasting

B. fast ; long lasting

Which of the following is least part of feminist psychology? A. discovering the contributions of women to psychology B. favoring all men over all women C. questioning male biased practices D. studying psychological gender differences

B. favoring all men over women

Dr. Williamson works with courts to evaluate criminals; Williamson is a(n) _______ psychologist. A. social B. forensic C. industrial/organizational D. physiological

B. forensic

Parsons and colleagues are conducting a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

The most significant weakness of case studies is _______. A. inflatability. B. generalizability. C. operationalization. D. correlation coefficients.

B. generalizability.

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. A. genotype; Bb B. genotype; bb C. phenotype; Bb D. phenotype; bb

B. genotype; bb

The myelin sheath consists of ________. A. axons. B. glial cells. C. somas. D. terminal buttons.

B. glial cells.

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A. feel someone touching her hand B. groan and move her eyes C. hear someone talking to her D. speak in simple words

B. groan and move her eyes

Peer reviewers ________. A. are similar to magazine editors. B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings. C. work for the authors of scientific articles. D. work for the journals that publish scientific research findings.

B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings.

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. A. another person's consciousness B. her own conscious experience C. her own subconscious experience D. the social construction of consciousness

B. her own conscious experience

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. A. high ; high B. high ; low C. low ; high D. low ; low

B. high ; low

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A. factors B. hormones C. neurotransmitters D. proteins

B. hormones

A testable prediction about how the world will behave if an idea is correct is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. equation. D. deductive reason.

B. hypothesis

The _______ is controlled by the experimenter, while the _______ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. A. dependent variable ; independent variable B. independent variable ; dependent variable C. placebo effect ; experimenter bias D. experiment bias ; placebo effect

B. independent variable ; dependent variable

The sleep debt is the result of ________. A. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis. C. the circadian rhythm. D. travel from one time zone to another

B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors C. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant D. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California in order to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. A. external circadian B. jet lag C. night terrors D. parasomnia

B. jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? A. crying while asleep B. kicking and punching while asleep C. snoring while asleep D. talking while asleep

B. kicking and punching while asleep

Dopamine and glutamate are both involved with _______. A. running. B. learning. C. shifting. D. turning

B. learning.

Which of the following is least associated as a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? A. improving mood B. less exposure to carcinogens C. lower stress levels D. maintaining healthy weight

B. less exposure to carcinogens

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming. A. K-complex B. lucid C. REM D. theta wave

B. lucid

Wundt is to _______ as James is to _______. A. structuralism ; gestalt. B. structuralism ; functionalism. C. behaviorism ; gestalt. D. behaviorism ; functionalism.

B. structuralism ; functionalism.

Jennifer has been depressed for several months and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. On which brain structure is the drug acting? A. amygdala B. medulla C. pons D. reticular formation

B. medulla

What hormone does the pineal gland release? A. insulin B. melatonin C. estrogen D. testosterone

B. melatonin

Multiple sclerosis is mostly associated with ________. A. plasma. B. myelin. C. sinew. D. blood.

B. myelin.

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A. insomnia. B. narcolepsy. C. night terrors. D. restless leg syndrome.

B. narcolepsy.

Neurons are ________. A. chemicals. B. nerve cells. C. in humans only. D. in animals only.

B. nerve cells.

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A. guesswork. B. observation. C. practice. D. statistics.

B. observation

A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship. B. one variable decreases as the other increases. C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant. D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome.

B. one variable decreases as the other increases.

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. A. associated with lucid dreaming. B. outside periods of REM sleep. C. that always occurs immediately after REM sleep. D. that overlaps REM sleep.

B. outside periods of REM sleep.

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming. B. parasomnias. C. protoconsciousness. D. somnambulism.

B. parasomnias.

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

B. parasympathetic

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________. A. only black men were invited to participate. B. participants were not allowed to seek available treatment. C. penicillin was not administered to the men's wives. D. the study was continued for approximately 40 years.

B. participants were not allowed to seek available treatment.

Behaviorists all focus on ________. A. individual attitudes. B. physiological responses that result in action. C. the internal motivation for action. D. the subconscious

B. physiological responses that result in action.

Psychologists study biopsychology because _________. A. people are totally determined by biology. B. physiology significantly impacts how humans behave. C. humankind is nothing but neurotransmitters. D. all behavior is driven by serotonin.

B. physiology significantly impacts how humans behave.

The _________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. A. adrenal B. pituitary C. testes D. thyroid

B. pituitary

Although correlation allows _______, it does not allow _______. A. cause &effect ; prediction. B. prediction ; cause & effect. C. confounding ; prediction. D. prediction ; cause & effect.

B. prediction ; cause & effect.

Trephination was the ________. A. method that supposedly proved that the world is flat. B. procedure where a large hole was created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape. C. technique that helped ensure the validity of experimental results. D. theory that mental illness was caused by demonic possession.

B. procedure where a large hole was created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape.

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A. soma. B. synapse. C. terminal button. D. vesicle.

B. synapse.

The term lateralization refers to A. divisions of the brain into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. B. the division of functions between the right and left hemispheres. C. the cross-wiring of the brain . D. the connections between Broca's area and Wernicke's area

B. the division of functions between the right and left hemispheres.

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

B. two

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. B. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. D. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

C. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Regarding sleepwalking disorder, which of the following statements is least true? A. Sleepwalking is cured by medication. B. Sleepwalking is the same as Sleep Behavior Disorder.. C. Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful. D. Sleepwalkers eyes are open.

C. Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful.

Why is psychology considered a social science? A. Because psychologists do not study groups and how groups interact. B. Because psychology is considered a hard science. C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. D. Behavior is always completely random.

C. Behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology? A. Anna Freud B. Bruno Bettelheim C. Naomi Weisstein D. Sigmund Freud

C. Naomi Weisstein

Carl is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident? A. Blindness B. Cannot taste C. No sensation in his legs and feet D. Deafness

C. No sensation in his legs and feet

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A. Insomnia B. NREM phase C. Parasomnia D. REM phase

C. Parasomnia

________ are subjects of psychological research. A. Clients B. Individuals C. Participants D. People

C. Participants

Which of the following is least associated with forebrain structure? A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Pons D. Thalamus

C. Pons

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. B. People in developed nations revere the elderly. C. Populations of developed nations are living longer. D. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

C. Populations of developed nations are living longer.

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

C. Rosalind Cartwright

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is least true? A. Her analysis of dreams is not Freudian. B. Her ideas about dreams are supported empirically. C. She is a Jungian dream analyst. D. She is a sleep and dream researcher

C. She is a Jungian dream analyst.

. A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment. A. gestaltlaten B. isolate C. Skinner box D. Watson manipulator

C. Skinner box

Split-brain patients are the result of an operation that severs the A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. corpus callosum. D. cerebral cortex

C. corpus callosum.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is least true? A. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. B. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. C. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. D. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

C. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Deep sleep, which is characterized by delta brain wave patterns, occurs during ______ sleep. A. Stages 1 & 2 B. Stages 2 & 3 C. Stages 3 &4 D. Stages 2 & 4

C. Stages 3 &4

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A. Archival research B. Case studies C. Surveys D. University experiments

C. Surveys

Which of the following defines hypothesis? A. idea that proves a theory B. means of explaining social phenomena C. tentative explanation D. way of looking at the world

C. Tentative explanation

Which of the following best describes a criticism of structuralism? A. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B. Structuralism was parsimonious. C. The process was highly subjective. D. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

C. The process was highly subjective

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? A. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. B. The proponents were Nazis. C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology. D. The theories were not based on measurable data.

C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." A. The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." B. The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits." C. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." D. The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological."

C. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

Damage to the _________disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact. A. amygdala B. Broca's Area C. Wernicke's Area D. occipital lobe

C. Wernicke's Area

Which term best captures the meaning of the word "gestalt?" A. Unconscious B. Introspection C. Whole D. Observation

C. Whole

IMPORTANTWho was the first person referred to as a psychologist? A. Wolfgang Köhler B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

C. Wilhelm Wundt

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic ; somatic nervous systems. B. autonomic ; sympathetic nervous systems. C. central ; peripheral nervous systems. D. parasympathetic ; sympathetic nervous systems

C. central ; peripheral nervous systems.

Electrical charges in axons must transduct into a _____ form called neurotransmitters. A. light B. heat C. chemical D. vapor

C. chemical

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________. A. chromotropes. B. chronologies. C. chronotypes. D. chromatins.

C. chronotypes.

Sandra wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. In which area of psychology should she work? A. biopsychology B. clinical psychology C. counseling psychology D. wellness psychology

C. counseling psychology

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. A. conducting and reviewing B. designing and reviewing C. designing, conducting, and reviewing D. reviewing and publishing

C. designing, conducting, and reviewing

Which of the following least describes a scientific method step? A. drawing conclusions B. developing a hypothesis C. drawing conclusions based on gathering expert opinions D. gathering evidence

C. drawing conclusions based on gathering expert opinions

Neurons send ________ charges. A. gravitational B. hydraulic C. electrical D. frozen

C. electrical

A school psychologist would be most likely to A. help teachers develop new instructional techniques. B. study how groups affect individuals. C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program. D. make suggestions as to how managers could improve employee morale.

C. evaluate a student for placement in a special education program.

Which psychological perspective advocates that human sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A. cognitive behavioral B. dependent C. evolutionary D. Freudian

C. evolutionary

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. A. behavioral geneticists. B. behavioral psychologists. C. evolutionary psychologists. D. historical psychologists.

C. evolutionary psychologists.

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli. A. conscious B. epidermal C. external D. peripheral

C. external

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. A. cortex; forebrain B. fissures; folds C. folds; grooves D. grooves; folds

C. folds; grooves

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A. cognitive B. counseling C. forensic D. legal

C. forensic

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture

C. genetics

The ______ is located just behind the amygdala and can be described as playing an important role in the formation of memories. A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. cerebellum

C. hippocampus

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. A. circadian rhythms B. heterostasis C. homeostasis D. internal-external stimulus

C. homeostasis

A(n) ______ is a testable prediction about how the world will operate if the idea is correct. A. deduction B. induction C. hypothesis D. theory

C. hypothesis

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? A. data collection B. experiment C. hypothesis D. observation

C. hypothesis

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A. correlation. B. fact. C. illusory correlation. D. opinion.

C. illusory correlation.

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable C. independent variable D. variability

C. independent variable

Susan wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A. biological B. Gestalt C. industrial-organizational D. social

C. industrial-organizational

Psychologists are so committed to protecting the welfare of research participants by following ethical guidelines that require _______ content, protect the _______ of research records, and ensure that approval of research protocols from ________ review committees is first obtained before obtained before undertaking research with humans or animals. A. terminated; safety; security B. safety; protocol; impartial C. informed; confidentiality; institutional D. predetermined; copyright; university

C. informed; confidentiality; institutional

Observational research involves applying _______. A. regression to the mean. B. effect sizes. C. inter-rater reliability. D. observer bias.

C. inter-rater reliability.

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli. A. external B. hypnotic C. internal D. psychoactive

C. internal

Mark spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Mark is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism. B. client-centered therapy. C. introspection. D. psychoanalysis

C. introspection

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. A. has at least 20 participants B. has at least 200 participants C. is large and randomly selected D. is small and specifically selected

C. is large and randomly selected

Mark wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Mark is focused on the ________ content. A. biological B. circadian C. latent D. manifest

C. latent

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. experimental C. longitudinal D. survey

C. longitudinal

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and wakes herself up out of the bad dream. This is the typical example of ________ dreaming. A. external B. internal C. lucid D. stage 1

C. lucid

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a B.A. in psychology? A. human resources B. marketing C. mid- and top-level management D. social work

C. mid- and top-level management

Dopamine and serotonin are both involved with ________. A. vision. B. hearing. C. mood. D. taste.

C. mood.

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? A. difficulty comprehending language B. difficulty producing language C. motor skill deficits in the left side of her body D. sensory deficits in the right side of her body

C. motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

James was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. James may have ________. A. a stroke. B. damage to his K-complex. C. narcolepsy. D.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

C. narcolepsy.

Patwardhan and colleagues report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. survey

C. naturalistic observation

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. openness

C. neuroticism

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

C. neurotransmitter

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? A. article blindness B. developmental theory C. object permanence D. perpetuation

C. object permanence

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A. experimental plan B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

C. operational definition

Researchers must _______ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. A. randomly assign B. randomly select C. operationalize D. generalize

C. operationalize

Which of the following is the most significant problem with surveys? A. it is always easy to obtain a large sample. B. random samples do not usually represent the population. C. people do not always tell the truth. D. archival research usually is a better alternative.

C. people do not always tell the truth.

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ___. A. cognition B. perception C. personality D. social psychology

C. personality

Dreaming occurs in the ____ region of the brain. A. medulla B. ventral tegmental C. pons D. substantia nigra

C. pons

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his Ph.D., which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers. A. industrial B. medical C. postdoctoral D. predoctoral

C. postdoctoral

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? A. classical conditioning B. dream analysis C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior D. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Dr. Adams noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Adams applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother. A. functionalism B. Gestalt psychology C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism

C. psychoanalytic theory

The best research studies are ______. A. complicated. B. isolated. C. replicated. D. invalidated.

C. replicated.

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability. B. reliability. C. replication. D. validity.

C. replication.

From a Freudian perspective, the purpose of dreams is to A. consolidate memories and new learning. B. sort through possible solutions to everyday problems. C. reveal the unconscious. D. discard unnecessary information.

C. reveal the unconscious.

Green and colleagues used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. A. generalization; sample; hypothesis. B. population; sample; generalization. C. sample; population; generalization. D. sample; population; hypothesis.

C. sample; population; generalization.

Psychology refers to the ________. A. empirical study of humanity. B. experimental study of individuals. C. scientific study of behavior and the mind. D. systematic study of human interaction.

C. scientific study of behavior and the mind.

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

C. somatic

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A. correlation coefficient B. scatterplot C. statistical analysis D. validity assessment

C. statistical analysis

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A. interpret dreams. B. manipulate human behavior. C. study the function of behavior. D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind

C. study the function of behavior

Joan is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. A. Freudian B. Jungian C. latent D. manifest

D. manifest

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious. B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests. C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior.

C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes.

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. A. falls asleep in the middle of the day B. sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period C. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation D. suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt

C. suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

What is one task in which a peer reviewer is least likely to participate? A. conducting his or her own research in the same subject area B. looking for flaws in the way a study was conducted C. suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research D. verifying that the research meets ethical standards

C. suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A. axons ; terminal buttons B. dendrites ; synaptic vesicles C. terminal buttons ; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons ; transport proteins

C. terminal buttons ; synaptic vesicles

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders. A. growth hormone B. insulin C. testosterone D. thyroxine

C. testosterone

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious. B. the operation of individual parts of the mind. C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts. D. understanding the id, ego, and superego.

C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts.

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. A. how behaviors have changed over time. B. the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied. C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population. D. whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait.

C. the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population.

A person's participation in a research project must be _______. A. confidential. B. rewarded. C. voluntary. D. public.

C. voluntary.

Most adults need ______ hours of sleep per night. A. 4-5 B. 5-6 C. 6-7 D. 7-9

D. 7-9

In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its _________content, while the underlying meaning of a dream is its content. A. unconscious; conscious B. latent; manifest C. conscious; subconscious D. manifest; latent

D. manifest; latent

_______ are used when few subjects exists to study and _______ is used when data is collected inconspicuously. A. Surveys ; observer bias B. Observer biases ; surveys C. Case studies ; archival research D. Case studies ; naturalistic observation

D. Case studies ; naturalistic observation

Which of the following statements is least true? A. Correlation higher than 1.0 cannot exist B. A positive correlation means that variables move in the same direction C. Negative correlation means that variables move in opposite directions D. Correlation shows cause and effect

D. Correlation shows cause and effect

What is a PsyD? A. Doctor of Philosophy B. Doctor of Psychiatry C. Doctor of Psychoanalysis D. Doctor of Psychology

D. Doctor of Pyschology

Which of the following best exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes her term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Jones decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

D. Dr. John Smith observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

Which of the following least describes a reason that investigators have described for the functions of sleep? A. Protection and survival such as predatory risks B. Restore energy resources C. Consolidation of newly formed memories D. Enhancement of ability to alter consciousness

D. Enhancement of ability to alter consciousness

Which of the following is least a part of the fight or flight response? A. Adrenaline surges into the bloodstream B. Heart rate and blood pressure increases C. Pupils dilate D. Falling asleep

D. Falling asleep

. In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. A. H.O.P.E.S. B. Either-Or C. Fifth Dimension D. Five Factor

D. Five Factor

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. Hypotheses

D. Hypotheses

______ are falsifiable. A. Meditations B. Hunches C. Theories D. Hypotheses

D. Hypotheses

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling any of their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is least true? A. It can result in sleeping problems. B. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. C. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. D. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

D. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is most true? A. Sleep deprivation is relatively uncommon. B. Sleep deprivation tends to affect older adults but not young adults of college age. C. People are generally unable to "rebound" from REM deprivation. D. Loss of sleep results in irritability.

D. Loss of sleep results in irritability.

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is least true? A. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. B. During REM sleep, muscle activity is blocked almost to the point of paralysis. C. REM deprivation can help some people treat major depression. D. Napping during the day helps maintain consistent REM cycles at night

D. Napping during the day helps maintain consistent REM cycles at night

Brenda has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into "sleep attacks" during the daytime. What is the name of Brenda's disorder? A. REM sleep disorder B. Sleep apnea C. Sleep terror disorder D. Narcolepsy

D. Narcolepsy

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A. night terrors B. non-REM C. NREM D. REM

D. REM

Monica is having a long, detailed dream. In which stage of sleep is Monica most likely to be? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. REM

D. REM

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. A. Behavioral genetics B. Environmental psychology C. Evolutionary psychology D. Range of reaction

D. Range of reaction

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. A. Chimpanzees B. Fruit flies C. Pigs D. Rodents

D. Rodents

. Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? A. Charles Darwin B. Jean Piaget C. Noam Chomsky D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A. Longitudinal research is time consuming. B. Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C. Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

D. Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

Which of the following is least associated with being a limbic system structure? A. Amygdala B. Hippocampus C. Hypothalamus D. Substantia Nigra

D. Substantia Nigra

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A. Home ostasisB. Resting potential C. Reuptake D. Synergy

D. Synergy

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. Frontal B. Occipital C. Parietal D. Temporal

D. Temporal

Regarding training to work in the field of psychology, which of the following statements is least true? A. The primary difference between the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. is that the Psy.D. focuses more on practitioner skills than on research skills. B. Those who pursue doctorate-level work in schools of education typically earn a Doctorate in Education (Ed.D.). C. A dissertation requires the completion of an original research project. D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.

D. The bachelor's degree is recognized as the entry-level degree for professional work in some specialty areas like school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? A. All scientists of all times and cultures have fully agreed about evolution. B. Scientists can replicate evolution across species. C. Evolution only can occur at macro- but not micro-levels. D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation.

D. The construct was an idea that Darwin generated for further investigation

American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research? A. Inter-rater reliability has not been assessed. B. Language barriers will prevent successful research from occurring. C. The study may not be reliable due to differences in expectations for compliance between cultures. D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

D. The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. A. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." B. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." C. The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." D. The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

D. The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli." A. The word "high" should be changed to the word "low." B. The word "theta" should be changed to the word "alpha." C. The words "environmental stimuli" should be changed to the words "sleep spindles." D. The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

D. The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate? A. Despite advances in feminism, there are still gender inequalities in post-secondary studies. B. More women than men attend college. C. The research sample is invalid because men and women are not equally represented. D. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

D. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? A. Job growth is greatest in these fields. B. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. C. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

D. They are all examples of applied psychology.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement? A. They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. B. They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. C. They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. D. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

D. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Karl and Jean have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design? A. People will know that they are part of a research study and may decline participation. B. Survey data is not as valid as experimental data. C. Their results will depend on how busy the mall is. D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

D. They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. A. Generalizability B. Operational definition C. Reliability D. Validity

D. Validity

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A. Broca's area B. Occipital cortex C. Prefrontal cortex D. Wernicke's area

D. Wernicke's area

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. A. Noam Chomsky, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Wundt B. Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud C. Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky, Wilhelm Wundt D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

D. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, the researcher found that men value youthful appearance more than women because A. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. B. Men need to display their mates as a trophy. C. Women are not as superficial as men. D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

D. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

The electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals is called a(n)_______ A. threshold of excitation B. resting potential C. membrane potential D. action potential

D. action potential

The sleep-wake cycle operates according to a(n) _________ cycle. A. anecdotal B. suprachiasmatic nucleus C. hypnogogic D. circadian

D. circadian

The medulla ________. A. exists only in animals. B. disappeared through evolution. C. controls only the left hemisphere. D. controls automatic functioning

D. controls automatic functioning

The _______is a nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. A. pons B. reticular C. medulla D. corpus callosum

D. corpus callosum

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? A. one B. two C. three D. four

D. four

Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damaged his A. temporal cortex. B. hypothalamus. C. hippocampus. D. frontal lobe.

D. frontal lobe.

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________. A. animal ; a full debriefing. B. animal ; obtaining informed consent. C. human ; a full debriefing. D. human ; obtaining informed consent.

D. human ; obtaining informed consent.

Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature? A. reticular formation B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. hypothalamus

D. hypothalamus

Appetite is most impacted by the _______. A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.

D. hypothalamus.

Spurling and colleagues investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A. control ; experimental B. dependent ; independent C. experimental ; control D. independent ; dependent

D. independent ; dependent

Behaviorists study ________. A. a person's unconscious mind. B. chemical and hormonal changes. C. dreams. D. learned behavior.

D. learned behavior

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories. A. basal ganglia ; childhood B. basal ganglia ; emotional C. limbic system ; childhood D. limbic system ; emotional

D. limbic system ; emotional

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves. A. central gyrus B. central sulci C. hemisphere D. longitudinal fissure

D. longitudinal fissure

A theta wave is a type of ________. A. brain wave associated with critical thinking. B. brain wave associated with sleep spindles. C. low frequency, high amplitude brain wave. D. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave.

D. low frequency, low amplitude brain wave.

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. A. classical conditioning B. functionalism C. humanism D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning

Scientific findings are best believed when they are read in _______. A. magazines. B. blogs. C. the newspaper. D. peer-reviewed journals.

D. peer-reviewed journals.

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. A. conscious and unconscious. B. experimental and provable. C. hypothesized and theoretical. D. perceivable and measurable.

D. perceivable and measurable

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A. experimenter bias. B. observer bias. C. participant bias. D. placebo effect.

D. placebo effect.

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study? A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

D. positron emission tomography (PET)

An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology? A. Behaviorism B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

Drs. Adams and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. A. case B. correlational C. experimental D. quasi-experimental

D. quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling. B. blind group assignment; random sampling. C. blind sampling; random group assignment. D. random sampling; random group assignment.

D. random sampling; random group assignment.

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome. A. agitated B. nervous C. RBD D. restless

D. restless

The ________ is the part of the brain which is most likely to generate high arousal. A. cerebellum B. medulla C. pons D. reticular formation

D. reticular formation

You are most likely to be awoken by your morning alarm clock through the activation of the __________. A. cerebellum B. corpus callosum C. medulla D. reticular formation

D. reticular formation

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________. A. confirmed by multiple studies. B. found to have been based on falsified data. C. published once but not confirmed. D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

D. retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation. A. bar graph B. correlation coefficient C. histogram D. scatterplot

D. scatterplot

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. -ology B. hypothesis C. pseudoscience D. scientific theory

D. scientific theory

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________. A. electroencephalography. B. K-complex stimulation. C. lucid dreaming. D. sleep rebound.

D. sleep rebound.

What best describes a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size

D. small sample size

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. personality C. psychoanalysis D. social psychology

D. social psychology

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. A. hypersomnia. B. night terror. C. restless leg syndrome. D. somnambulism.

D. somnambulism.

The _______ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. A. amygdala B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. thalamus

D. thalamus

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses. B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior. C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain. D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. A. deductive reasoning. B. inductive reasoning. C. the experiment. D. the scientific method.

D. the scientific method.

According to Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. A. dream analysis. B. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind. C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

D. the use of reinforcement and punishment

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A. smoking causes lung cancer. B. lung cancer causes cancer. C. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer. D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

D. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. A. acting unconsciously. B. hypothesizing. C. theorizing. D. thinking critically.

D. thinking critically.

Cognitive psychology can best be described as focusing on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior. B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception. C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior. D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.

D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. A. active play ; passive play B. food choice ; no play C. no play ; type of play D. type of play ; no play

D. type of play ; no play

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. A. motor cortex ; acetylcholine B. motor cortex ; dopamine C. substantia nigra ; acetylcholine D. ventral tegmental area; dopamine

D. ventral tegmental area; dopamine

A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study involving human participants will be permitted. A. librarian at the research institution B. local independent grocer with interests in academic research C. scientist who conducts research at a university D. veterinarian

D. veterinarian

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior? A. assessing behaviors from a police cruiser dash cam B. having passengers rate the driver's behavior C. using footage from red light cameras D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

D. watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Which of the following best exemplifies research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A. how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group B. what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women C. whether culture influences perception D. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

D. whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Which of the following would be most difficult to assess using empirical research? A. the abilities of non-human primates to use sign language B. the reaction time for participants to indicate they heard a ball drop on a table C. whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain D. whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

D. whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________. A. a highly successful drug use intervention program. B. a highly successful suicide intervention program. C. a psychological research study that was conducted in a laboratory. D. why empirical research is needed.

D. why empirical research is needed.

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25

a. -.90

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks. a. Light-dark exposure b. coffee consumption c. alcohol consumption d. napping

a. Light-dark exposure

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. a. Skinner b. Watson c. James d. Koffka

a. Skinner

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine. a. adrenal b. thyroid c. pituitary d. master

a. adrenal

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. health c. clinical d. social

a. biological

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing. a. central sleep apnea b. obstructive sleep apnea c. narcolepsy d. SIDS

a. central sleep apnea

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form. a. informed consent b. debriefing c. IRB d. ethics

a. informed consent

An action potential involves Na+ moving ________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell. a. inside; outside b. outside; inside c. inside; inside d. outside; outside

a. inside; outside

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________. a. it is closest to 0 b. it is closest to -1 c. it is positive d. it is negative

a. it is closest to 0

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream. a. latent b. manifest c. collective unconscious d. important

a. latent

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting b. how quick and easy these studies are to perform c. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible d. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

a. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 4/5

b. 2/3

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes. a. 15 b. 23 c. 46 d. 78

b. 23

. ________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics. a. Phenotype; genotype b. Genotype; phenotype c. DNA; gene d. Gene; DNA

b. Genotype; phenotype

is to animal research as ________ is to human research. a. informed consent; deception b. IACUC; IRB c. IRB; IACUC d. deception; debriefing

b. IACUC; IRB

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue. a. EEG b. MRI c. PET scan d. CT scan

b. MRI

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. William James b. Max Wertheimer c. Carl Rogers d. Noam Chomsky

b. Max wertheimer

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. a. PhD b. PsyD c. postdoctoral training program d. dissertation

b. PsyD

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey

b. case study

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours. a. biological b. circadian c. rotating d. conscious

b. circadian

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. a. informed consent b. deception c. ethics d. debriefing

b. deception

Scientific knowledge is ________. a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective

b. empirical

. ________ are defined as observable realities. a. behaviors b. facts c. opinions d. theories

b. facts

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. a. dependent variable; independent variable b. independent variable; dependent variable c. placebo effect; experimenter bias d. experiment bias; placebo effect

b. independent variable; dependent variable

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. a. archival research b. longitudinal research c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional research

b. longitudinal research

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. a. Noam Chomsky b. Carl Rogers c. Abraham Maslow d. Sigmund Freud

c. Abraham Maslow

________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. a. Social psychology b. Evolutionary psychology c. Epigenetics d. Behavioral neuroscience

c. Epigenetics

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. clinical c. social d. I-O

d. I-O

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: a. There is no relationship between height and weight. b. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are. c. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are. d. As height increases, typically weight increases.

d. As height increases, typically weight increases.