Chapter 1

Imagine that you are standing erect, with your head facing forward and your arms at 90 degree angles to your body, pointing straight out from either side to your left and to your right. Now imagine that an ant crawls from the top of your head in a straight line down your face and the front of your neck, and then turns and goes along one of your arms until it reaches your fingertips. If you were to describe the ant's path using directional terms, what would you say?

It traveled from the head and down the neck in a caudal direction, then turned and traveled in a lateral direction, and ended up at the fingertips, distal to the elbow.

If you were to insert an imaginary sagittal plane through your foot and divide it into two equal sections, how would your foot be divided?

Left and right portions running from approximately the middle of third toe to the middle of the heel.

The navel is __________ to the spine, and _________ to the chin.

anterior, caudal

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease.

Which of these are the proper terms for the different ways an organ can be sectioned?

longitudinal, oblique, transverse

Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?

organ system

A bullet enters the left lung and collapses it. Which cavity has been entered?

pleural

A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of

positive feedback.

In directional terms, your kneecap is ------- and ------ to your heel. The kneecap is also considered to be on the ------ side of the lower limb, while the heel is on the ------ side.

proximal superior anterior posterior

Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the appendix?

right iliac

In the anatomical position, a person is ________ with the upper limbs ________ and the palms facing ________.

standing erect, hanging against the sides, forward

The term "dorsal" means

toward the back of the body.

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the _____ plane.

transverse

Match the following levels of organization with examples from each:

1. Chemical level- Collagen molecules create ropelike fibers. 2. Cell level- Molecules combine to form the ribosomes. 3. Tissue level- Multiple muscle cells combine in function to form the bicep brachii. 4. Organ level- Different tissue types function together to create the large intestine. 5. Organ system level- The upper and lower respiratory organs function together to create the respiratory system. 6. Organismal level- The multiple organelles of a bacterium work together to create an organism.

Match the level of organization of the body with the major characteristics of each level.

1. Chemical level- Atoms combine to form molecules. 2. Cell level- Molecules form organelles, such as the mitochondria and nucleus. 3. Tissue level- Similar cells and surrounding materials make up this level. 4. Organ level- Different tissues combine to form this level. 5. Organ system level- Organs that work in conjunction form this level. 6. Organism level- Organ systems combined make up this level.

Match the disciplines of anatomy with the descriptions:

1. Developmental anatomy- study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood 2. Embryology- studies changes from conception to the eighth week of development 3. Cytology- examines the structural features of cells 4. Histology- examines tissues, which are composed of cells, and the materials that surround them 5. Gross anatomy- the study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

Match the organ system with its components.

1. Integumentary system- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands 2. Skeletal system- bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints 3. Muscular system- muscles, tendons 4. Lymphatic system- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes 5. Respiratory system- lungs and respiratory passages 6. Digestive system- mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines 7. Nervous system- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors 8. Endocrine system- glands that secrete hormones 9. Cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels, blood 10. Urinary system- kidneys, urinary bladder 11. Female reproductive system- ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands 12. Male reproductive system- testes, associated ducts, penis

Match the characteristic of life with its description.

1. Organization- the interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function 2. Metabolism- all of the chemical reactions that are taking place within an organism 3. Responsiveness- the ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes 4. Growth- increase in the overall number of cells 5. Development- changes an organism undergoes through time 6. Reproduction- formation of new cells or new organisms

Match the plane of the body with its description:

1. Sagittal planeruns vertically; separates the body into right and left portions 2. Transverse planeruns parallel to the ground; divides the body into inferior and superior portions 3. Frontal planeruns vertically from right to left; divides the body into anterior and posterior

Organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex. 1) cell (2) tissue (3) chemical (4) organ system (5) organ

3, 1, 2, 5, 4

Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?

A toilet tank refills itself after a flush.

What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

median

Which of the following is NOT found in the epigastric region?

urinary bladder