Chapter 1 -the human organism

Developmental Anatomy

studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Pathology

study of disease

Cytology

study of structure and function of cells

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new organisms

organ system level of organization

a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

With regard to the validity of biomedical research in physiological studies, which statement is correct? Select one: a. Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different. b. Although the individual variables may be the same in some animal species, the general homeostatic mechanisms are often very different.

a. Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different.

There are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?. Select one: a. For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells. b. For every cell in your body, there are one hundred microbial cells. c. For every cell in your body, there are one thousand microbial cells. d. For every cell in your body, there are ten thousand microbial cells.

a. For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells

An organelle is Select one: a. a small structure within a cell. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of all living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of cells with similar structure and function.

a. a small structure within a cell.

The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is Select one: a. cytology. b. histology. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy.

a. cytology.

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines? Select one: a. histology b. physiology c. gross anatomy d. radiology e. regional anatomy

a. histology

An organism's ability to use energy in order to swim is an example of Select one: a. metabolism. b. responsiveness. c. organization. d. maturation. e. development.

a. metabolism

Imagine the following scenario: Blood pressure decreases below normal levels.→ Blood flow to the heart decreases → Heart is unable to pump as much blood.→ Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _____ feedback. Select one: a. positive b. negative

a. positive

Organism level of organization

all the organ systems of the body work together to maintain life and health. any living thing considered as a whole

Anatomy

scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure

exersize physiology

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

why it is important to study other organisms along with humans?

Although much can be learned from studying other organisms, the ultimate answers to questions about humans can be obtained only from humans because other organisms differ from humans in significant ways.

A system

A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal.

negative-feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

normal range

Not able to maintain at precise set point. Instead the body increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Physiology

The study of body function

growth

an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.

Responsiveness

an organism's ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.

chemical level of organization

atoms and molecules -atoms combine to form molecules

The wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the Select one: a. visceral pleural membrane. b. parietal peritoneum. c. visceral mediastinal membrane. d. visceral peritoneum. e. epicardium.

b. parietal peritoneum.

A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what position? Select one: a. supine b. prone c. anatomical d. reverse

b. prone

A tissue is a Select one: a. structure contained within a cell. b. lower level of organization than a cell. c. group of organs that performs specific functions. d. group of cells with similar structure and function. e. structure that contains a group of organs.

d. group of cells with similar structure and function.

An anatomic image created from sound waves is a Select one: a. radiograph. b. CT scan. c. MRI. d. sonogram.

d. sonogram.

An example of a structure contained by the mediastinum is the: Select one: a. brain b. stomach c. esophagus d. sternum e. lung

c. esophagus

Directional terms are important in the study of anatomy. What does "C" represent? Select one: a. medial b. right c. left d. inferior e. lateral

c. left

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together? Select one: a. regional b. developmental c. systemic d. histology e. surface anatomy

c. systemic

A cell is Select one: a. a small structure within a molecule. b. a structure composed of several tissue types. c. the basic structural unit of living organisms. d. a group of organs with a common set of functions. e. a group of atoms with similar structure and function.

c. the basic structural unit of living organisms

Anatomy is Select one: a. the study of function. b. a branch of physiology. c. the study of structure. d. the study of living organisms. e. the study of homeostasis.

c. the study of structure.

Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? Select one: a. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac (heart) muscle decreases. b. As the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner. c. Men working in a hot environment drink large quantities of water, and their urine volume increases. d. As body temperature decreases, blood vessels in the periphery dilate. e. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.

e. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase

Morphogenesis

change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is Select one: a. systemic anatomy. b. regional anatomy. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy.

e. surface anatomy.

Posterior means Select one: a. toward the middle or midline of the body. b. away from the surface. c. closer to the head. d. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. e. toward the back of the body.

e. toward the back of the body.

Metabolism

refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism. It includes an organism's ability to break down food molecules

the body's six levels of organization

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

organ level of organization

composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.

The plantar surface is the Select one: a. area in front of the elbow. b. chest area. c. lower back. d. bottom of foot. e. forearm.

d. bottom of foot.

Positive-feedback

mechanisms occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater

Organization

refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

control center

establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained through communication with the receptors and effectors

Neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous system

variables

factors that can change

systematic physiology

functions of an organ system

cardiovascular physiology

functions of the heart and blood vessels

tissue level of organization

groups of similar cells that have a common function. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Differentiation

involves changes in a cell's structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on the back

set point

maintain body near an ideal normal value

cell level of organization

molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells

receptor

monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature

Anatomical anomalies

physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern

Anatomical position

refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

Embryology

the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.

development

the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

Homeostasis

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

cell physiology

the study of the functions of living cells

Histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

anatomical imaging

uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

effector

which can adjust the value of the variable, usually back toward the set point