Chapter 1

Variations in health outcomes between racial groups are most strongly tied to?

A social structure that provides unequal access to resources.

Which region in the United States has the highest rates of obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases?

The Southeast

What term best describes health?

The overall condition of a person's body, mind, and social well being

True or false: In order to be spiritually healthy, a person needs to participate in a particular organized religion.

False

True or false: There are major biological differences between races that strongly determine health outcomes for various groups

False

True or false: There are major biological differences between races that strongly determine health outcomes for various groups.

False

What is the primary difference between the concepts of health and wellness?

Health refers to a person's state, whereas wellness stresses the behaviors needed to be healthy.

Poverty and stress during early childhood lead to adverse events during a person's life in part because children who grow up in poverty may experience which of the following? higher rates of poor nutrition more experience traveling abroad less educational opportunity greater exposure to toxins

Higher rates of poor nutrition, less educational opportunity, and greater exposure to toxins

Which of the following factors are considered social determinants of health? heart conditions income employment status transportation

Income, employment status, and transportation

A health condition that is caused by the interaction of genetic inheritance, environment, and behavior is called a(n)?

Multifactorial disorder

Which of the following are examples of public policies that restrict individual choice? national gun control laws seatbelt requirements nutritional label requirements the right to free speech

National gun control laws and seatbelt requirements

The discipline that focuses on the health of the masses in contrast to the health of individuals is known as ______ health.

Public

Gene mutations are important because they?

Allow for human diversity

To enjoy ______ health is to possess a set of guiding beliefs, principles, or values that give meaning and purpose to your life.

Spiritual

Which of the following are elements of health literacy? the ability to understand health information the ability to navigate the health care system the ability to understand medical instructions the ability to diagnose your own medical problems without research or consulting a doctor the ability to prescribe your own medication.

The ability to understand health information, the ability to navigate the health care system, and the ability to understand medical instructions

In the United States, people who live in urban areas have a life expectancy ______ years longer than those who live in rural areas.

Two

According to the Stages of Change Model, what are three characteristics of the precontemplation stage for changing a specific behavior?

You do not acknowledge that you have the behavior, you have no motivation to change the behavior, and you do not see a reason to change the behavior.

A population achieves health equity when all people_

Have an equal opportunity to attain their full health potential

In an attempt to identify risk factors for heart disease, Kelsi is conducting a study in which she uses measurements and interviews to study large groups of people. Kelsi is conducting?

An epidemiological study

Which of the following types of medical research typically involve studying animals instead of people?

Basic medical research

The preparation stage includes?

Building your skill set.

The Healthy People 2020 initiative emphasizes the need to reduce?

Differences in health outcomes between populations.

Which of the following best exemplifies someone who chooses societal responsibility over individual choice? Ernie is a morning person and he wants the neighborhood to look good, so he mows his lawn at 6 a.m. while next-door neighbors are trying to sleep. Bill does not wear a helmet when he rides his bike because he finds them uncomfortable. Samantha doesn't believe in having cats fixed, so her cats have had three dozen kittens. Ed decides not to smoke in his backyard because there are children playing next door.

Ed decides not to smoke in his backyard because there are children playing next door.

Air quality, access to education or employment, and public policies are factors that are part of the ______ aspect of the socioecological model of health.

Environmental

A(n) ______ is a unit of heredity that consists of a sequence of DNA on a chromosome.

Gene

Eliminating avoidable social and economic practices and policies that create barriers to improving the health of certain demographic groups leads to?

Health equity

Public health efforts include both?

Health promotion and disease prevention

Community health refers to activities intended to improve the health outcomes of people who?

Live in the same geographic region

In the Stages of Change Model, the stage that is held for at least six months but can sometimes last a lifetime is known as the ______ stage.

Maintenance

Which of the following are policies that can reduce the negative effects of low socioeconomic status on health outcomes? minimum-wage requirements drinking age restrictions speed limits parental-leave legislation

Minimum-wage requirements and parental-leave legislation

Which of the following is a tip for moving forward from the precontemplation stage of the Stages of Change Model? weighing pros and cons for making a change Rationale: This would be a characteristic of the contemplation sage. searching for solutions Rationale: Actively searching for solutions occurs after the precontemplation stage. rewarding yourself noting discrepancies between your behaviors and your goals

Noting discrepancies between your behaviors and your goals

Which of the four perceptions of the Health Belief Model ties individual health choices to whether the person thinks he or she is at risk for a problem?

Perceived susceptibility

Susan knows that changing her eating behavior will help her reduce the risk of obesity. To which of the four perceptions of the Health Belief Model does this correspond?

Received benefits of specific action

Which of the following are demographic data that researchers consider when studying population health? sexual orientation age geographical location music preferences

Sexual orientation, age, and geographical location

Which of the following would be the best example of a cultural difference that may negatively affect health? making a personal choice not to smoke traditions that include eating high-fat foods living in a dry climate genetic predisposition to high cholesterol

Traditions that include eating high-fat foods

The active process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health is known as ______, whereas the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being is known as ______.

Wellness; health

Which of the following are included in the termination stage of the Stages of Change Model? You are implementing behavior change. You are confident in your ability to maintain the new behavior. You are supporting your efforts by enlisting the help of friends and family. You are no longer tempted to lapse back to old behavior.

You are confident in your ability to maintain the new behavior and you are no longer tempted to lapse back to old behavior.

Which of the following is an example of community health? a company's enforcement of a no-smoking policy in its office a grocery store's requirement that all its employees live within the local community a town's decision to build a neighborhood recreational park

A town's decision to build a neighborhood recreational park

Your genogram, or family health tree, is which of the following? a comparison of environmental factors affecting the health of family members a description of what your ideal health should be a visual representation of your family's genetic and health history a calendar that reminds family members when to schedule routine medical appointments

A visual representation of your family's genetic and health history

What is the first step in making a behavior change plan?

Accepting responsibility for your health

Which of the following best defines the term wellness?

An active process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to

Which of the following belong to the action stage of the Stages of Change Model? beginning to avoid triggers for unhealthy behavior keeping your behavioral changes to yourself denying you need to change changing your behavior

Beginning to avoid triggers for unhealthy behavior and changing your behavior

Higher rates of ______ are expected in older populations in comparisons to younger populations.

Chronic Illness

One way of conceptualizing wellness is to envision a(n)?

Continuum between severe illness and optimal health

Which of the following are included in the maintenance stage of the Stages of Change Model? realizing that you have a problem behavior engaging in the new behavior for at least six months working to prevent yourself from falling into old habits having no motivation to change a behavior

Engaging in the new behavior for at least six months and working to prevent yourself from falling into old habits

Maria feels a sense of belonging based on the cultural and linguistic features she has in common with a particular group of people who share her ancestry. In this sense, Maria has established a(n) ______ identity.

Ethnic

Social determinants of health are ______ factors that affect one's health.

External environmental

Which of the following are examples of public health initiatives for disease prevention rather than health promotion? flu-shot campaigns community-sponsored 10K runs food-safety campaigns community potluck

Flu-shot campaigns and food-safety campaigns

Gene mutations are passed how?

From generation to generation

Sickle-cell disease is an example of a ______ that causes a person's red blood cells to be misshapen.

Gene mutation

The presence of disease in family members who have good health habits is more indicative of a(n) ______ cause than is disease in family members with poor health habits.

Genetic

Which of the following statements best distinguishes health promotion from disease prevention?

Health promotion maintains or improves the current status of community health, whereas disease prevention tries to ward off specific illnesses

What is the primary benefit to population health of studying health outcomes among demographic groups?

Identifying differences in health outcomes between groups and finding opportunities for intervention

Genes serve as a template and are transcribed into ______, a temporary message that can travel out of the nucleus.

RNA

Which of the following occur during the contemplation stage of the Stages of Change Model? rewarding yourself for change recognizing you have a problem behavior maintaining the behavior change you accomplished weighing the pros and cons of making a change

Recognizing you have a problem behavior and weighing the pros and cons of making a change

Which of the following are included in the preparation stage of the Stages of Change Model? weighing the pros and cons of behavior change outwardly modifying your behavior setting goals and a start date looking for tools to help support the change

Setting goals and a start date and looking for tools to help support the change

Which of the following is thought to have the most significant impact on population health outcomes? race or ethnicity age socioeconomic status geography

Socioeconomic status

The socioecological model of health and wellness emphasizes the interrelationships between individuals and their environment. What are some of the environmental factors it takes into consideration?

The built environment, relationships with other people, and community resources

Which of the following are goals of the Healthy People 2020 initiative? to decrease the number of rivers and lakes for recreational activities to achieve health equity for all groups and individuals to avoid preventable diseases to promote the use of medication over the use of other forms of treatment to promote quality of life across every stage of life

To achieve health equity for all groups and individuals to avoid preventable diseases and to promote quality of life across every stage of life

A person's sense of belonging or identity stemming from a common ancestry and a common national or cultural origin is defined as ______, whereas a person's physical traits to describe ethnic background is known as ______.

Ethnicity; race

Which of the following are examples of gene mutations that are neither beneficial nor harmful? cystic fibrosis Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is a lung disorder that makes it difficult to breathe. eye color attached or detached earlobes sickle-cell disease

Eye color and attached or detached earlobes

Which of the following statements best distinguishes health promotion from disease prevention? Health promotion occurs between a doctor and an individual patient, whereas disease prevention involves a community-wide effort Health promotion focuses on dietary issues, whereas disease prevention focuses on sanitation. Health promotion is paid for with public funds, whereas disease prevention is paid for by private businesses. Health promotion maintains or improves the current status of community health, whereas disease prevention tries to ward off specific illnesses.

Health promotion maintains or improves the current status of community health, whereas disease prevention tries to ward off specific illnesses