chapter 10-11

Heat

is an aversive state that leads to aggression

Which of the following is not discrimination?

Believing that baby-faced men are harmless

Denise and Brandon are just getting to know each other. Each compliments how the other one looks. Given the research on men, women, and sexuality, which of the outcomes is most likely?

Brandon will interpret Denise's compliment as a sexual come-on

Ben goes out of his way to help Jennifer whenever he can. However, Jennifer has been busy lately and unable to reciprocate. Ben doesn't seem upset because he knows she is sensitive to his needs overall. Which of the following best describes their relationship?

Communal relationship

Abigail ran back into the burning house to rescue her sister, Sophia, but when she found out that her neighbor, Mitchell, was also in the house, she just waited for the firemen to arrive. According to research, which of the following best explains Abigail's actions?

In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives

Which of the following concerning a culture of honor is true?

It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress

Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always put Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists

Jack should feel underbenefited and upset about the nature of the relationship and Diane should feel overbenefited and guilty

Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates modern racism?

Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved

Becky confronts Matt about his negative belief that all women are overly emotional. She says, "Your stereotype is unfair to many women." According to the research of how people respond to being confronted about bias, what response should we most expect from Matt?

Matt will get angry at Becky and, if given the chance, will backlash against women in the future

Which of the following concerning sexual aggression is true?

Men are more likely than woman to engage in both physical and psychological concern to obtain sex

According to your textbook, which of the following statements regarding gender and helping behavior is false?

Men, unlike women, are more likely to offer help in situations where they can do so anonymously

Which of the following is NOT one of Branden's (1988) 7 keys to keeping the flame burning?

Never say "I love you" unless you really feel it.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the human need for affiliation

People are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact

Many different factors contribute to the bystander effect. Which of the following is not one of them?

Positive mood

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Rayma is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the following conditions is Rayma most likely to perform poorly on the test?

Rayma is asked indicate her gender at the beginning of the test

Which of the following is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response

Social rejection

Homosexual behavior

appear to have a biological origin

People are less likely to notice an emergency if they

are under time pressure

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by Blacks in academic settings may be due to

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of Blacks

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

a greater number of bystanders to reduce the probability that a victim will receive help

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has

a high need for affiliation

Your significant other has just been short-tempered and impatient with you. Your reaction is to think, "well, s/he's had a very stressful week, so I'll just forget that it happened." Your reaction would be best described as an example of

a relationship-enhancing attribution

For doctors and nurses, too much empathy can be

a risk factor for depression

Two nine-month old babies (one boy and one girl) are shown a jack-in-the-box. When the toy springs up, they both cry. in this situation, people are liekly to perceive that the boy is _______ and the girl baby is_________

angry; frightened

Charlene volunteers one afternoon each week at the local soup kitchen because she is genuinely concerned about the welfare of the less fortunate citizens in her community. Charlene's behavior would best be characterized as

altruistic

Peter offers to help Liza whenever she needs help. In return, however, Peter expects Liza to drop what she is doing to help Peter immediately when he needs help. His understanding of the relationship is most likely to be that it is

an exchange relationship

When Mina first started playing the new Blood Bath Beach Party video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. This illustrates

desensitization

According o the Dovidio and Gaertner's common identity model of prejudice reduction, focusing people on cross-cutting identities breaks down bias by activating ______ and then ______ process

decategorization; recategorization

The negative state relief model of helping behavior

defines helping as egoistic

Betty, an anti-war activist, is mad at the President for leading the country to war. Because she cannot go strait to the source of her frustration, she takes out her aggression on her next-door neighbor, Wilma, instead. This situation best represents an example of

displacement

Andy is the only White athlete at the tryout for a basketball team. Research suggests that if Andy starts to feel stereotype threat,

his confidence in his athletic abilities will decrease

If the victim in an emergency, you can increase your chances of getting help from bystanders if

you make it clear that you need help, you point at one bystander and ask him or her to take action, you give instructions about how to help

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your emergency will be most likely to offer help if there are _____ others present.

zero

Adam is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements Adam made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity

"Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries...if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all"

Non-human animals have been observed to demonstrate behaviors indicating

Kin selection, reciprocal altruism, group selection

Two people are placed in a room and provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room?

There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggresively toward one another than if there was no weapon

To appear more attractive, Mark tries to interview for an acting job just after a less attractive actor has interviewed. Mark is trying to take advantage of

contrast effect

Which of the following provides the best example of a public goods dilemma?

donating to a public television station

Women are more likely than men to help others in a situations involving

emotional support

In their relationship, Clyde is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Bonnie is concerned with being responsive to Clyde's needs. Clyde views their relationship as a(n) ______ relationship, whereas Bonnie views it as a(n) ___________relationship

exchange; communal

Your psychology professor calls you in front of the class and asks you to answer practice exam questions in front of everyone. You find the questions to be easy. According to the model of social ________, you should perform _________ than you would if you had worked on the questions alone.

facilitation; better

People are LESS likely to react negatively to receiving help if they

feel appreciated and cared for

Some cross-racial helping is not truly altruistic because it can be a sign of

feelings of superiority over the person being helped

Suppose Barbara is feeling sad and she sees Mort struggling to move a piece of furniture. She would be most likely to help Mort if Barbara

felt personally responsible for her bad mood

According to research, high levels of commitment to a relationship tend to follow high levels of

investiment

The idea that some faces are inherently more attractive than others is supported by research demonstrating that

people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces

Women with an "hourglass" figure are rated as most attractive by men in European cultures. This phenomenon is best explained by the fact that this waist to hip ratio-signals

reproductive fertility

Equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the

rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner

According to the steps in the self-fulfilling prophecy described by Darley and Fazio (1980), once a perceiver acts based on his or her expectancy,

the target interprets the perceiver's behavior

The bystander effect does NOT occur when

they bystanders are all friends

fMRI research has often found increased activation in the amygdala for White participants shown photos of Black faces. The amygdala is a region of the brain often implicate din the perception of

threat

Research on attractiveness and helping indicates that

we are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people

Which of the following combinations of traits best define the altruistic personality?

Empathy and advanced moral reasoning

Jerry, a devout Mets fan, stops to help a stranded motorist wearing a Mets jersey, but passes by the stranded motorist in the Yankees jersey. Which of the following could account for Jerry's behavior?

Jerry felt more empathy for the Mets fan than the Yankees fan

Peggy wants to help smokers who have lung cancer because she believes they were duped by tobacco companies to develop a deadly addiction and are therefore not responsible for their disease. When asked to donate money to support lung cancer research, Peggy gives generously. Peggy's prosocial behavior can best be explained by

attributions of responsibility

Ginny thinks she hears a husband physically abusing his wife. However, she does not call the police because she is afraid that her neighbors will ostracize her if she is wrong. Ginny's failure to act is a case of

audience inhibition

A form of discrimination that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

aversive racism

Minimal groups are groups

based on trivial, often arbitrary, distinctions

The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that

beauty is objective

Which of the following is false regarding the process of "categorization" that is, of organizing the world by clustering objects into groups?

categorization by itself does not cause ingroup favoritism

Herman and Flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each other's best friends. Their relationship seems to be an example of

companionate love

Esmeralda is a new reporter who has been asked to conduct an interview with an up-and-coming Hollywood celebrity. Esmeralda ,who is concerned about the accuracy of her impressions, would be most likely to produce an unbiased interview if she ______ formed an impression of the celebrity and _________

has not yet; is allowed to develop her won interview questions

The research by Forest and Wood suggests that people with low self-esteem tend to engage in ____________ on Facebook. As a result, they are __________ more than people with high self-esteem

inappropriate self-disclosure; disliked

Daniel fits a rapist's profile. This means that he probably exhibits ________ in response to violent pornography and tends to have _________ attitudes toward violence against women

increased arousal; positive

Sexually coercive behavior is least likely to be exhibited by someone who

indicates strong rejection of rape myths

Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face contact is called _________ aggression

indirect

Within the framework of social interdependence theory, satisfaction in relationships is a function of all of the following except

investments

A compared to feelings of personal distress, empathic concern

is other-oriented rather than self-oriented

The principle of kin selection is based on the assumption that

it is the survival of genes that matters most from an evolutionary perspective

Helene spends a few weeks helping the victims of a tornado because she believes that people should help others, especially those who deserve assistance. Helene's thoughts regarding her actions are consistent with the norm of

justice

Research indicates that White individuals' concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial interactions can

lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether

Lydia needs people to help her by signing a petition. She can increase her chances of receiving help by

making herself look more attractive

Research on Terror Management Theory has shown that when feeling vulnerable about their own mortality, people are _____ likely to derogate ______ members

more; outgroup

The primary distinction between altruistic and egoistic helping concerns the

motivation of the helper

Carly hurls an insult right back at James when James expresses his negative feelings toward her. Such a pattern illustrates

negative affect reciprocity

Group polarization is most likely to occur

on important issues

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to

prefer to live in an egalitarian society

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by

realistic conflict theory

Conchita has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conchita probably has a(n)

secure attachment style

What type of interaction between partners in a romantic relationship can both increase the level of intimacy but also decrease the passion?

self-disclosure

The tendency for the presence of other people to increase performance on easy tasks and impair performance on difficult tasks is known as

social facilitation

Vladimir, a basketball novice, makes about 60 percent of his free throws when practicing alone. However, when playing with his friends, he only makes about 30 percent of his free throws. This decrease is most likely the result of

social facilitation

Even though he feels that drug addicts often deserve their plight, Steven donates clothes to a rehabilitation center because he believes he has an obligation to help those who need assistance, whatever the reasons behind their condition. Steven's thoughts regarding his actions are most consistent with the norm of

social responsibility

Simon's decision whether or not to help someone is based primarily on a sense of obligation and duty to help those who most need it. Simon is primarily motivated by concerns about

social responsibility

Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The principals of the schools decide that the tension may subside if the two school participate in joint activities, such as assemblies that would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely to be ineffective, however, because the

students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact

Though they had all been together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serous turbulence. This behavior is best explained by the

tendency for external threat to increase affiliation

According to the evolutionary perspective, women prefer

wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success

Individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to engage in social loafing

when a group norm of low effort has already been established

Research suggests that negative moods tend to enhance helping

when helping is thought to repair mood