Chapter 10

d: avoidant

Giving up on goals, distancing, denying, abusing substance, etc., is known as _________ coping. a. problematic b. neurotic c. emotion-focused d. avoidant

b: an illusion of control.

Individualistic cultures like the United States and some European countries tend to be so internal that their people are vulnerable to a. giving up control over situations. b. an illusion of control. c. controlling others who don't share their beliefs. d. seeing no need for human rights laws.

c: quasi-experimental.

It is clearly unethical to experimentally put people into traumatic situations. Even temporarily telling a group of subjects that their families had been killed, even though they had not, would be highly unethical and would never be approved by a research committee. However, social scientists can study groups of people who have had traumatic events happen even though the researchers now have less control over the situation. This type of research is described as a. correlational. b. experimental. c. quasi-experimental. d. observational.

b: primary control

John Weisz and colleagues suggested that people with an internal locus of controls can exercise __________ and attempt to make themselves feel better or less distressed by changing circumstances. a. local control b. primary control c. secondary control d. self control

b: internal

People vary in the extent to which they believe that an outcome is influence by their behavior. People who believe that they can have a significant influence of what happens to them are said to have a(n) ____________ locus of control. a. integrated b. internal c. self d. external

b: rely on their own physical sensations.

People who are defined as field-independent tend to a. have trouble cooperating in games. b. rely on their own physical sensations. c. see the big picture rather than details. d. to be easily distracted by surrounding details.

a: problem-focused

People work to solve problems or do something concrete to change the cause of stress in ______________ coping. a. problem-focused b. constructive c. emotion-focused d. avoidant

d: locus of control

Psychologist Julian Rotter was the first modern psychologist to define the concept of ______________ as people's beliefs about the control of reinforcement and outcomes in their lives. a. ego ideal b. personal efficacy c. reinforcement schema d. locus of control

b: triadic

Seligman and Maier used a(n) _____________ design to test whether the controllability of the shock, rather than the shock itself, caused the helplessness. a. integrated b. triadic c. double-blind d. controlled

a: Dispositional optimism.

The general expectation that good things will happen in the future is labeled as a. dispositional optimism. b. genetic optimism. c. the Pollyanna Syndrome. d. positively biased expectations.

d: learned helplessness

The termed coined by Overmier and Seligman to describe the experience of dogs or humans exposed to an aversive situation over which they had no control was a. depression. b. amotivational. c. anxious. d. learned helplessness.

c: They are the result of fate, not personal actions.

The textbook lists several characteristics of an optimistic explanatory style. All of the following are mentioned as assumptions about negative events EXCEPT a. They are unlikely to happen again. b. They are not the individual's fault. c. They are the result of fate, not personal actions. d. They are limited to just one aspect of one's life.

d: the level of responsibility they were given.

The textbook reports in some detail a quasi-experiment or field study of nursing home residents in Connecticut. The independent or manipulated variable in this experiment was a. their scores on a pessimism scale. b. eating, sleeping, and mood scores. c. the floor on which they lived. d. the level of responsibility they were given.

c: Attributional Style Questionnaire

There are a number of instruments used to measure explanatory style. The most extensively used questionnaire is the a. Minnesota Attributional Questionnaire. b. Explanatory Style Instrument. c. Attributional Style Questionnaire. d. Thematic Attributional Questionnaire.

c: emotion-focused coping

When compared to optimists, pessimists used more a. problem-focused coping. b. revising of goals. c. emotion-focused coping. d. action-based problem solving.

d: Dispute the negative thoughts.

A successful program for teaching children to think more optimistically was based on the ABC model of Albert Ellis. A stands for adversity, B stands for belief, C stands for consequences, but the program for children added a D that stands for a. Disengage from pessimism. b. Drop the negative thinking. c. Discharge the negative energy. d. Dispute the negative thoughts.

c: depression.

Abramson suggested a theoretical model in which helplessness in the face of a negative event combined with the belief that the helplessness will continue into the future causes a. schizophrenia. b. agoraphobia. c. depression. d. anhedonia.

c: personal control.

According to the textbook, the flip side of helplessness for humans is a. assertiveness. b. efficacy. c. personal control. d. mania.

c: Pessimism in White American College students was not associated with more depressive symptoms.

All of the following are results from a study of cultural differences between Asians and Americans EXCEPT a. Self-identified Asian American College students showed similar amounts of dispositional optimism as White Americans. b. Self-identified Asian American College students showed greater pessimism than White Americans. c. Pessimism in White American College students was not associated with more depressive symptoms. d. Pessimism in Asian American College students was not associated with more depressive symptoms.

c: they had expectations of future payoffs.

An unexpected observation from Overmier & Seligman's early experiments with dogs was that a. they could learn complex escape strategies. b. dogs were capable of experiencing depression. c. they had expectations of future payoffs. d. dogs were so much less intelligent than cats.

b: those with a pessimistic explanatory style showed fewer symptoms of depression if a negative event occurred in the six month period.

In a six month study of elders living in Philadelphia a. those with an optimistic explanatory style showed fewer symptoms of depression. b. those with a pessimistic explanatory style showed fewer symptoms of depression if a negative event occurred in the six month period. c. those with an optimistic explanatory style showed fewer symptoms of depression if a negative event occurred in the six month period. d. optimists and pessimists displayed an equal number of symptoms of depression if a negative event occurred in the six month period

a: they had learned in the training phase that there was nothing they could do to avoid shocks.

Seligman and Maier's theoretical explanation for the inability of the dogs in their Inescapable Shock condition to learn a new escape route was that they a. had learned in the training phase that there was nothing they could do to avoid shocks. b. had suffered brain damage from the shocks during the training phase. c. were depressed from the training phase, which made them amotivational. d. had learned that escape also resulted in shock so they were left with no viable behavior to avoid shock.

d: change their pessimistic explanatory style into a more optimistic one.

Seligman and his colleagues devised the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP). This program is used as a research tool and is designed for college students to a. learn about the benefits of an optimistic explanatory style and the dangers of a pessimistic style b. reverse their explanatory style from pessimistic to optimistic or from optimistic to pessimistic. c. change their optimistic explanatory style into a more pessimistic one d. change their pessimistic explanatory style into a more optimistic one.

b: a feeling of helplessness.

According to the textbook, the opposite of having an internal locus of control is a. having an external locus of control. b. a feeling of helplessness. c. angst. d. anhedonia.

d: Entrepreneurs are more likely to be internals and are more successful at the businesses they start.

All of the following are true of the relationship between locus of control and work behavior EXCEPT a. Internals show greater career decision-making skills. b. Externals experience more job stress and burnout. c. Internals are more satisfied with pay and promotions. d. Entrepreneurs are more likely to be internals and are more successful at the businesses they start.

d: They are less able to delay gratification due to their enthusiasm.

All of the following have been found about individual who score high on tests of internal locus of control EXCEPT a. Their scores on tests of internal locus of control at age 10 correlate positively with educational attainment in adulthood. b. They are better at planning and working towards long-term goals. c. They are more likely to support the death penalty. d. They are less able to delay gratification due to their enthusiasm.

d: academic achievement

Dispositional optimism is positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT a. life satisfaction b. good morale. c. problem-focused coping. d. academic achievement

a: external

For Rotter, et al, an individual who has not generally had their actions rewarded will come to develop what they define as a(n) _________ locus of control. a. external b. internal c. passive d. depressed

a: their cultural beliefs about fate, Karma, or destiny.

Hiroto's research with humans suggests that all of the following can influence learned helplessness EXCEPT a. their cultural beliefs about fate, Karma, or destiny. b. their beliefs about control. c. their expectations about a specific task. d. past experiences with uncontrollable outcomes.

a: Escapable Shock followed by Inescapable Shock.

In Seligman and Maier's 1967 experiment with dogs they used three conditions. Each of the following is a brief description of one of those conditions EXCEPT a. Escapable Shock followed by Inescapable Shock. b. Escapable Shock. c. Inescapable Shock. d. Experimental Control

b: The responsibility group showed improvements in a number of variables, but a slightly increased death rate.

In a field study involving the residents of a senior care facility, all of the following were findings EXCEPT a. 93% of the responsibility group showed improvement in eating, sleeping, and mood. b. The responsibility group showed improvements in a number of variables, but a slightly increased death rate. c. 71% of the control group became more debilitated during the test period. d. The death rate of the control group was slightly higher during the test period than the average death rate of the facility just prior to the study.

a: Families emphasizing submissiveness

In a study looking at the forces that cause differences in explanatory style, which type of family developed the greatest tendency to view events pessimistically? a. Families emphasizing submissiveness b. Families emphasizing independence c. Families that modeled pessimism d. Families that used predominantly punishment for discipline

a: control, especially over potentially aversive situations.

In almost any situation, such as a school or long-term care facility, the way to avoid learned helplessness in the children or residents is to allow them a. control, especially over potentially aversive situations. b. plenty of positive feedback. c. carefully controlled activities that avoid danger and threat. d. There is no way to avoid learned helplessness in institutions.

b: Group discussions about how futile it is to try to change one's way of thinking and about learning to accept thoughts as they role through the mind.

In designing a program to reduce pessimistic thinking among inner city children, you might include all of the following EXCEPT a. Comic books that model logical arguments against negative thoughts in the face of difficulty. b. Group discussions about how futile it is to try to change one's way of thinking and about learning to accept thoughts as they role through the mind. c. Videos that model children choosing thoughts that are more optimistic in nature. d. Role-playing games in which children consider the power of beliefs to alter how they feel.

b: more information about the conditions of their parole, as they felt they could have some influence over the process.

In one study, prisoners who were found to have an internal locus of control retained a. less information about the conditions of their parole; they simply trusted that it would happen. b. more information about the conditions of their parole, as they felt they could have some influence over the process. c. less information about their trial and incarceration as they were found to have lower IQs than prisoners with external locus of control. d. more information about their trial and incarceration as they were found to have higher IQs than prisoners with external locus of control.

c: added responsibility improves eating, sleeping, and mood in residents.

In the field study of nursing home residents, the results suggest that a. added responsibility for older citizens adds to their stress level and somewhat reduces or hinders health. b. added nutrition and exercise increases the level of optimism and sense of responsibility enjoyed by senior citizens. c. added responsibility improves eating, sleeping, and mood in residents. d. responsibility proved to be a variable with no long-term effects on residents.

c: There is an increased sense of external locus of control.

Julian Rotter did his research in the United States in the 1960s. All of the following are documented changes in the American population from then until now EXCEPT a. Americans have more opportunity for control over their environment. b. Americans are more litigious now than 50 years ago. c. There is now an increased sense of external locus of control. d. The divorce rate is higher now than then.

c: Internals are more sensitive to the social demands of a situation.

Locus of control leads to differences in how individuals interact with others. All of the following have been found EXEPT a. Internals hold more campus positions of leadership. b. Externals are less likely to opt for positions of power. c. Internals are more sensitive to the social demands of a situation. d. Externals hold fewer positions of leadership on campus.

b: internal

Many studies have found a positive correlation between a(n) _________ locus of control and positive outcomes in work, health, and relationships. a. external b. internal c. balanced d. healthy

a: depression.

One of the most consistent findings in the literature is that a pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for a. depression. b. social phobia. c. schizophrenia. d. Munchhausen's Syndrome.

c: externals

Rotter found evidence that ____________ are more likely to believe in fate, astrology, and chance events. a. neurotics b. internals c. externals d. narcissists

a: explanatory style

Seligman suggested that after many experiences during the course of a lifetime, individuals develop habitual ways of explaining both the bad and good things that happen in their life. He called this their a. explanatory style. b. habitual schema. c. mental groove. d. cognitive style.

b: depression.

Seligman's work led to the conclusion that helplessness first causes anxiety, then, after continued exposure, it causes a. anxiety disorders. b. depression. c. brain damage. d. lowered intelligence.

b: field-dependent

Some psychologists have identified individual differences between people in the way they perceive and think about the world. Some people are more dependent on visual cues and are more sensitive to the context. They are categorized as _____________ and tend to see the big picture rather than details. a. dependent b. field-dependent c. field-independent d. gestalt focused

c: immune system

The _________ is a mechanism that is likely affected by optimism in its impact on health. a. reward system b. hypothalamus c. immune system d. pineal cortex

c: emotion-focused

The attempt to reduce or manage negative emotions through such things as putting a positive spin on events, turning to religion, or seeking comfort from friends is called ________ coping. a. avoidant b. problem-focused c. emotion-focused d. pessimistic

c: Students with an optimistic explanatory style the summer before law school achieved a higher GPA and greater success working on their school's law journal that those with a pessimistic style.

The textbook presents research results that indicated all of the following EXCEPT a. College students with a pessimistic explanatory style performed worse in their first year in college than those with an optimistic style. b. Students with optimistic explanatory style show greater motivation and persist longer in the face of adversity. c. Students with an optimistic explanatory style the summer before law school achieved a higher GPA and greater success working on their school's law journal that those with a pessimistic style. d. Students with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to give up after academic frustrations.

a Mainland Chinese

There is evidence of cultural differences in explanatory style. In one study, which group of students was found to make the most pessimistic statements? a. Mainland Chinese b. Taiwanese c. Chinese American d. Caucasian American

c: secondary control

Weisz and colleagues suggested that people with an internal locus of control could choose to fit into, accommodate, or accept a situation in order to feel less distressed. In other words they could exercise __________________. a. accommodation control b. primary control c. secondary control d. self flexibility

d: puts a great deal of the day-to-day decision making into the hands of the residents.

You have been asked to consult in the program design of a new senior care facility. Based on your reading into the explanatory style literature, you would most likely recommend a program that a. is very clear and carefully designed by your team to provide a daily balance of cognitive stimulation and exercise. b. has a built-in behavior modification program that provides tangible rewards for participation in activities. c. relieves the residents from the day-to-day hassle of making decisions about activities, food, etc. d. puts a great deal of the day-to-day decision making into the hands of the residents.

d: Collectivistic

_______________ cultures in East Asia, tend to believe in supernatural forces, fate, and even predetermined destiny due to the extend to which they share an external locus of control. a. Superstitious b. Buddhist c. Communist d. Collectivistic