Chapter 10

More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet, 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. Which of the following statements would serve as a criticism for Kohlberg's theory?

For many people, moral thought does not predict moral behavior.

According to the advocates of state-mandated testing, which of the following results are believed to be positive outcomes of the testing?

Increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested

________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy in friendships

Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. According to Carol Dweck, which of the following BEST describes Karen's mindset?

Fixed mindset

Individuals with a ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

growth

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and ________ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

peer interaction

During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT:

physical characteristics.

Which of the following situations might be true for students who live in poverty?

They are more likely to have young, inexperienced teachers.

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on her school progress frequently, and also talks to her about her problems and her social life. This approach is called:

coregulation.

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

postconventional

Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status?

Rejected

________ is the belief that "I can;" helplessness is the belief that "I cannot."

Self-efficacy

________ refers to global evaluations of the self.

Self-esteem

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty?

Social systems morality

Individuals who ________ have the moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

are characterized as moral exemplars

Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to:

better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

All of the following are peer statuses, EXCEPT:

conforming.

Dan Olweus' bullying intervention program focuses on:

decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

Albert Bandura states that ________ is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

self-efficacy