Chapter 10

Of the following, the factor that may help the most to lower food cravings would be ___. a. hormonal changes b. food imagery c. nonfood imagery d. emotion

c

propositional representation

depiction in which relationships are represented by symbols

imagery neuron

type of category-specific nerve cell that is activated by visual symbolism

Aristotle took the position that thought _____. a. is impossible without an image b. must develop before images are possible c. and images are identical d. functions independently of images

a

Even though you're away at college, you can instantly imagine the taste of the pies and cakes that your mother makes. This example illustrates ___. a. mental imagery b. visual imagery c. inner audition d. mental telepathy

a

Perhaps the best way to resolve the imagery debate is to ___. a. investigate how the brain responds to visual imagery b. examine unconscious thought processes c. examine conscious thought processes d. accept that it is not possible to resolve this debate

a

Suppose you're doing a study with paired-associate learning and, at some point, you hear the terms "sky-grass." What would likely happen next? a. You likely will be presented again with the word "sky" to see if you can remember the word "grass." b. You will be asked to think of other words associated with "sky" and "grass." c. You will be asked to consider various uses for objects associated with "sky" and "grass." d. You will be asked to consider other words that are near opposites associated with "sky" and "grass."

a

mental walk task

assignment asking subjects to think of an image and imagine they are moving towards it

All of the following would be examples of a propositional representation EXCEPT a. the sentence 'The dog is in the yard.' b. a picture of a rabbit in a cage. c. the equation 5+7=12. d. the statement 'The rabbit is in the cage.'

b

If you would rhyme certain images with concrete words as a means to improve memory, then you're probably making use of ___. a. the method of loci b. the pegwood technique c. an epiphenomenon d. a mental walk task

b

Lacking his smart phone, tablet, and even paper and pencil, Alistair finds himself having to memorize a grocery list. He does so by imagining himself walking through his apartment and picking up the items from the couch, chairs, and other furniture. Alistair is using _____. a. chunking b. the method of loci c. an acrostic d. the pegword technique

b

Looking at a small object causes activity in the ___ of the visual cortex; larger objects cause activity to ___. a. front; spread forward b. back; spread forward c. more ; remain constant d. less ; remain constant

b

The imagery debate refers to the question of whether imagery is _____. a. essential to thought and language b. based on spatial mechanisms or language c. possible in individuals who lack vision d. exclusively human or occurs in other primates

b

Compared to visual imagery, actual visual perception results in _____. a. similar activation in both the frontal and occipital lobes b. greater activation in the frontal lobe but similar activation in the occipital lobe c. similar activation in the frontal lobe but greater activation in the occipital lobe d. greater activation in both the frontal and occipital lobes

c

For which of the following questions would the response be MOST likely to generate greater response in the visual cortex? a. Who was the American President during the start of World War II ? b. Is the intensity of electrical current measured in amperes ? c. Is the green of the trees darker than the green of the grass ? d. What is the square root of four?

c

Mental images that are like realistic pictures of an object, so like parts of the image that correspond to parts of the object, are called _____ representations. a. correlated b. corresponding c. depictive d. precision

c

Paivio found that memory for pairs of concrete nouns is much better than memory for pairs of abstract nouns and accounted for it using the _____ hypothesis. a. mental chronometry b. semantic network c. conceptual peg d. connectivist

c

Suppose lights flash as a mainframe computer does its calculations. In doing so, this is an example of ___. a. the imagery debate b. less than half c. an epiphenomenon d. mental scanning

c

Which statement about imagery and the brain is most accurate? a. Perception and imagery use identical regions of the brain in similar patterns. b. Imagery is stable, but perception is not. c. Manipulating mental images is more difficult than perceptually-created images. d. Both perceptions and imagery require effort to create.

c

With respect to the imagery debate, an appropriate analogy would be: spatial mechanism is to propositional mechanism as ___. a. image is to thought b. thought is to image c. perception is to language d. language is to perception

c

A _____ representation is one in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols. a. theoretical b. notational c. conceptual d. propositional

d

If you had visual agnosia, then you would a. be blind. b. not be able to imagine objects. c. regularly misidentify an object even though you correctly knew what the object was. d. not be able to visually recognize objects.

d

If you were asked to do a mental walk task, then you would probably a. imagine yourself walking. b. mentally estimate how many steps you take on a given day. c. imagine what it is like to walk while sitting. d. imagine yourself walking towards a given stimuli.

d

Kosslyn asked subjects in a brain scanner to either view small, medium, or large objects, or visualize small, medium or large images. What was found? a. The same area of the brain was activated for perceiving or imagining actual objects of any size. b. The same area of the brain was activated for perceiving actual small, medium, and large objects, but as the size of the imagined objects increased, the area of the brain that was most activated moved forward. c. As the size of the actual objects increased, the area of the brain that was most activated moved forward, but regardless of the size of the imagined objects, the same area was always activated. d. As the size of the objects increased, the area of the brain that was most activated moved forward for both actual and imagined objects.

d

Neurons that fire when an individual is shown an object, or asked to close his or her eyes and visualize the object, are called _____ neurons. a. mirror b. concept c. abstraction d. imagery

d

Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler inferred mental processing by using _____, the amount of time it took a subject to perform a task such as rotating an object in his or her mind. a. cognitive complexity b. networking delays c. topographic variation d. mental chronometry

d

Studies involving ___ have allowed researchers to conclude that brain activity in the visual cortex ___ play a causal role in both perception and imagery. a. fMRI; does not b. fMRI; does c. TMS; does not d. TMS; does

d

Suppose you do two different free recall tasks that each take you 22 seconds to complete. What is your total mental chronometry in this example? a. It is impossible to determine on the basis of this information. b. 2 seconds c. 22 seconds d. 44 seconds

d

When you move closer to an object, the object fills ___ of your visual field and details are ___ to see. a. less ; harder b. less ; easier c. more ; harder d. more; easier

d

Which mnemonic method involves imagery and provides rhymes as retrieval cues? a. chunking b. the method of loci c. an acrostic d. the pegword technique

d

depictive representation

depiction in which parts of the image correspond to parts of the object

spatial representation

depiction whereas different parts on an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations

mental chronometry

determining the amount of time needed to carry out a cognitive task

imageless thought debate

discussion about whether contemplation is possible without pictures

imagery debate

discussion about whether visual symbolism is based on spatial mechanisms or on propositional mechanisms

epiphenomenon

event that accompanies the mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism

mental imagery

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of a sensory input

food craving

intense desire to eat something specific

tacit knowledge explanation

justification stating that participants unconsciously use information about the world in making their judgements

pegword technique

method of remembering things whereby things to be remembered are associated with concrete terms

unilateral neglect

problem in which the patient ignores objects in the left half of his/her visual field

method of loci

procedure whereby things to be remembered are placed at different places in a mental image

mental scanning

process in which a person scrutinizes an image in his/her mind

conceptual peg hypothesis

theory that concrete nouns create images that other words can hang onto