chapter 10

Nathan sits down in his therapist's office and says, "I am a complete failure. Everything I do results in complete disaster!" A therapist who has adopted a rational-emotive therapeutic approach would be MOST likely to respond _____.

"Snap out of it! You need to get a grip on reality."

Estimates are that approximately _____ percent of the population suffers from Bipolar II disorder.

1

If a disorder were totally genetic in origin, the concordance rate would be _____ percent.

100

Lobotomies were popular in the _____ as a treatment for _____.

1940s and 1950s; schizophrenia

Abilify, one of the new-generation antipsychotic drugs, achieves its effect by _____.

All the answers are correct.

Brain scans of some people with schizophrenia show which of the following?

All the answers are correct.

Meghan is afraid of snakes. Which instance would contribute to her fear being considered a specific phobia?

All the answers are correct.

Recent research suggests that the gender difference in rates of depression may be due to _____.

All the answers are correct.

_____ are the MOST frequently used psychotropic drugs by people between the ages of 18 and 44.

Antidepressants

Carla is experiencing major episodes of depression, with milder episodes of mania. Carla's disorder would be classified as _____ disorder, which is the _____ common form of this disorder.

Bipolar II; less

_____ is a naturally occurring element used to treat _____.

Lithium; bipolar disorder

_____ is an example of a(n) _____ disorder.

Specific phobia; anxiety

Which statement about schizophrenia is FALSE?

Structural brain abnormalities have been observed in the nonpsychotic siblings of people with schizophrenia.

Which statement about schizophrenia is FALSE?

Type I schizophrenia is less responsive to drug therapy than Type II schizophrenia.

Benzodiazepines, such as _____, have been used to treat _____ disorders.

Valium; anxiety

"Spontaneous remission" is the answer to which question?

What is getting better over time without receiving therapy?

For over a week, Barbara, sleeping very little but having lots of energy, has spent considerable money on shopping sprees for new clothes. She talks rapidly and constantly about how she will use her new wardrobe to become an immediate success as a model. Barbara is demonstrating many of the symptoms of _____, which is related to one of the _____ disorders.

a manic episode; mood

When Allison does poorly on her statistics exam, she concludes that she does not know how to study, she will never learn how to study, and she will do poorly on all her other exams. Allison's thinking BEST illustrates _____, which has been linked to _____.

a pessimistic explanatory style; learned helplessness

Loss of contact with reality is characteristic of which of the following?

a psychotic disorder

Client-centered therapy specifically requires that the therapist be _____.

accepting, genuine, and empathic

Active listening is an important component of _____.

achieving empathetic understanding of a client

Behavioral is to _____ therapy as cognitive is to _____ therapy.

action; insight

William walks up 20 flights of stairs rather than taking the elevator because he is afraid he cannot escape if the elevator stalls. Which is the MOST appropriate classification for William's behavior?

agoraphobia

Stephen shows total disregard for the rights of others and for moral rules. Such lack of concern BEST illustrates a(n) _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

The idea of replacing maladaptive actions with more adaptive ones is central to _____ therapy.

behavioral

The vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia proposes that the initial predisposition of vulnerability to schizophrenia stems from which of the following?

biological factors

Most people experience _____ when they suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder.

both obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors

Kevin sits in the same position for several hours at a time, then begins rocking back and forth constantly. Kevin is MOST clearly exhibiting a _____symptom of schizophrenia.

catatonic

Which brain structure has NOT been linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder?

cerebellum

Personality disorders usually begin during _____ and are _____.

childhood or adolescence; fairly resistant to treatment

According to the fear-of-fear hypothesis, panic disorder with agoraphobia is an example of _____ conditioning in which the fear and avoidance response is a(n) _____ response to the initial panic attack.

classical; conditioned

Shelby's therapist gives her unconditional positive regard and uses active listening to move Shelby toward self-actualization. It is likely that Shelby is seeing a _____ therapist.

client-centered

The leading explanation for social anxiety disorder is _____.

cognitive

To help Janet overcome her fear of the dark, her therapist immediately sends her to a room with no windows and turns off all lights in the room. Janet is participating in a form of _____ therapy known as _____.

counterconditioning exposure; flooding

Which is the MOST common treatment for bipolar disorder?

drug therapy

A lobotomy is a type of surgery in which the neuronal connections between the _____ lobe and lower areas in the brain are severed.

frontal

Psychosurgery for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder destroys pathways between the _____, which govern emotional reactions.

frontal lobes and limbic system

Hearing voices when no one is speaking is an example of a _____ and seeing people who are not really there is an example of a _____.

hallucination; hallucination

Elvis cannot sit on his sofa or chairs in his living room because they are covered with papers, clothing, and other items he feels he needs to save. It is likely that Elvis is exhibiting _____.

hoarding

The concordance rate among identical twins for depression is _____ that for bipolar disorder and _____ that for schizophrenia.

less than; similar to

After receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression, Martha experienced _____, a common side effect of this type of treatment.

memory loss

Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of _____.

mental disorders and their treatment

Compared to men, women are _____ likely to develop major depressive disorder and _____ likely to develop schizophrenia.

more; equally

Type II schizophrenia is characterized by _____ symptoms that _____ well to drugs.

negative; do not respond

Because psychoanalysts believe that people are _____ of the sources of their problems, they use techniques such as _____ to get to the roots of the problem.

not conscious; free association

Kate is consistently anxious because she is always thinking about the dangers of slipping and falling. Whenever he leaves his apartment, Charlie immediately goes back at least 10 times to check that the door is locked. Kate's thoughts BEST illustrate a(n) _____, and Charlie's behavior BEST illustrates a(n) _____.

obsession; compulsion

In the Rosenhan (1973) study, _____ realized that the researchers were faking their symptoms.

other patients, but not the staff,

Agoraphobia often accompanies _____.

panic disorder

Dr. Green is a mental health professional with a medical degree, and she can prescribe biomedical treatments for her patients. Based on this description, it is MOST likely that Dr. Green is a _____.

psychiatrist

Marian's therapist has asked her to spontaneously describe, without editing, her thoughts, feelings, and any images that come to mind. It is MOST likely that Marian's therapist relies on _____ therapy because of its emphasis on _____.

psychoanalysis; insight

Compared to antidepressant drugs, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) works more _____ and has side effects related to _____.

quickly; memory loss

Which would NOT be a compulsion?

recurring thoughts that a family member is being killed in an auto accident

For which disorder are the MOST people institutionalized?

schizophrenia

Which disorder is considered a psychotic disorder?

schizophrenia

The vulnerability-stress model has been applied to which disorder?

schizophrenic disorders

SSRIs are to _____ as benzodiazepines are to _____.

serotonin; GABA

A biological preparedness view of anxiety disorders would suggest that a fear of _____ would be more easily learned than a fear of _____.

snakes; public spaces

When Ellen speaks, it is difficult to understand what she is trying to say. Her words don't appear to fit together and she jumps from one topic to another, as if following a series of weakly connected associations. Ellen is MOST clearly exhibiting one of the _____symptoms of schizophrenia.

disorganized

Research suggests that schizophrenics have elevated levels of _____ activity in certain areas of the brain.

dopamine

Panic disorder is to _____ as generalized anxiety disorder is to _____.

sudden; chronic

Which is NOT an obsessive-compulsive related disorder?

tardive dyskinesia

One biological explanation for generalized anxiety disorder suggests there is _____ available in the brain.

too little GABA

Thorazine and Stelazine are examples of _____ antipsychotic drugs, and Clozaril and Risperdal are examples of _____ antipsychotic drugs.

traditional; new generation

Which has been considered the earliest biological treatment for mental disorder?

trephining

Which is NOT a criterion for defining abnormal behavior?

unpleasant

People who are born in the _____ have a greater risk of prenatal exposure to a flu virus, making them more susceptible to schizophrenia. Evidence for a viral cause of schizophrenia is supported by comparisons of twins who _____.

winter or spring; share a placenta with those who do not

The mood stabilizing effects of lithium on bipolar disorder are typically evident _____.

within one to two weeks

The antidepressant drugs Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are all examples of which of the following?

SSRIs

Unipolar disorder is to _____ percent as bipolar disorder is to _____ percent concordance rate in identical twins.

50; 70

According to the American Psychiatric Association, approximately _____ of individuals will develop generalized anxiety disorder during their lifetimes.

6 percent

About _____ percent of individuals with hoarding disorder also have an anxiety or depressive disorder.

75

The 12-month prevalence for major depressive disorder is _____ percent, but the prevalence in the 18 to 29 age group is _____ times greater than that in individuals age 60 years or older.

7; three

Which statement about major depressive disorder is FALSE?

A leading biological explanation for depression proposes it is caused by a lack of GABA.

According to the text, which is a common misrepresentation of disordered people by television and other media?

Disordered people are violent and dangerous to others.

Which statement about causal explanations for mental disorders and the four major research approaches is TRUE?

Explanations that consider the interaction between the approaches are preferred

Which provides the BEST evidence for the role of biological preparedness in causing specific fears?

Fears that seem to have more evolutionary survival value are more frequent than those that do not.

_____ showed that a fear of rabbits could be unlearned by pairing _____ with a rabbit.

Jones; eating

_____ is to GABA activity as _____ is to serotonin activity.

Generalized anxiety disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which statement concerning the DSM-5 is FALSE?

People undergoing a normal grief reaction to the loss of a loved one do not fit the diagnosis of major depressive disorder.

The number of psychological disorders identified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has increased from 60 in 1952 to approximately 400 in 2013. Which is the BEST explanation for the increase in the number of psychological disorders?

Psychologists have learned how to better differentiate among the various psychological disorders.

_____ is a biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed.

Psychosurgery

The antidepressant drugs Cymbalta and Effexor are examples of which of the following?

SSNRIs

_____ is a side effect of _____ antipsychotic drugs.

Tardive dyskinesia; traditional

Which statement about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is FALSE?

The first edition was published more than 100 years ago.

Which statement about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is FALSE?

The vast majority of ECT recipients say they would never undergo this treatment again.

_____ has been fairly successful in managing patients with autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia who reside in institutions.

Token economy

Which statement about antipsychotics is FALSE?

Traditional drugs have a greater impact on negative symptoms than new generation drugs.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is now considered an effective treatment for _____.

depression, but not schizophrenia

Unipolar disorder is to _____ as bipolar disorder is to _____.

depression; depression and mania

MAO inhibitors and tricyclics are both categories of drugs that have been used to treat which disorder?

depressive disorder

Lisa spends several hours a day picking her skin and has several sores and lesions. According to the DSM-5, Lisa would MOST likely be diagnosed with _____.

excoriation

Possible explanations for the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are that it _____ the activity of serotonin and _____ neurogenesis.

increases; increases

Psychosurgery today is done _____, with surgeons using _____ to perform the surgery.

infrequently; computer-guided electrodes

Which is NOT characteristic of a personality disorder?

is easily treated with psychological therapy

Henry seems to express himself in an organized manner and demonstrates appropriate emotions. However, he hears voices that say, "We are coming to get you" and believes that aliens have entered his room in an attempt to kidnap him. Henry is MOST clearly exhibiting _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

positive

A concordance rate expresses the likelihood of which of the following?

that two related people have the same disorder

After reading about the avoidant personality, Tomika begins to think that she has this disorder. Tomika's thinking BEST illustrates which of the following?

the medical school syndrome

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) differs from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) such that _____.

the patient is awake during the TMS procedure

The Rosenhan (1973) study illustrated which of the following?

the perceptual biasing effects of labeling

Medical school syndrome is _____.

the tendency to think that you have a disorder or disease when you read about its symptoms