Chapter 10 Families, Kinship, and Descent

If people can name their forebears in each generation from the apical ancestor through the present, they have what kind of descent?

Demonstrated

The kinship classification system used in societies such as the United States and Canada, in which the nuclear family is the most important group based on kinship, is known as the

lineal system

Any branch of a descent group that lives in one place is a _____ descent group.

local

In a patrilineal society, a woman typically does which of the following?

-Raises her children in her husband's community -Has reduced responsibility toward her parents and siblings, compared with toward her husband, children, and in-laws -Leaves home when she marries

Which of the following reflect trends in the United States, Canada, and other industrial nations since 1980?

-Smaller families -Smaller living units

When comparing family relationships in the United States and Brazil, we notice which of the following?

-A Brazilian's family includes his/her parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, and children. -Because middle-class Americans normally lack a readily available extended family support system, marriage assumes more importance. -Brazilians do not regard their spouse as a member of their family, whereas Americans do.

Which of the following would be considered nuclear families?

-A same-sex couple and their children -The family formed when a person marries and has children -The family a person was born into, including his/her parents and siblings

In which of the following types of societies is descent-group organization characteristic?

-Agricultural -Pastoral -Horticultural

Which of the following apply to ambilineal descent groups?

-All members of the group descend from a common ancestor. -People can belong to the descent group of any or all of their grandparents. -Membership is by choice.

Which of the following are true about extended family organization?

-An extended family includes three or more generations. -Extended family members may reside together in the same household. -Ethnographic examples include the Bosnian zadruga and the Nayar tarawad.

Which of the following are true of the Nayar society of India?

-Children were raised by everyone in the compound. -Men spent most of their time on military expeditions or living in a compound operated by their female relatives. -People lived in large compounds overseen by women.

Which of the following are traits of a foraging society such as the Shoshone?

-Couples and families can move from one band to another. =Married couples don't usually reside neolocally. =A married couple joins a band in which at least one of them has relatives.

In a matrilineal society, the man does which of the following?

-Depends on his sisters' children to continue his family lineage -Cares for his sisters and their children as well as for his own wife and children -Is often concerned that his wife might be promiscuous

Which of the following describe a nuclear family?

-It includes parents. -Usually its members live together in the same household. -It includes children.

Which of the following are true of generational kinship terminology?

-It merges the mother's and father's sides, for example using just one term for father, father's brother, and mother's brother. -It uses only two terms for the parental generation. -It uses the same term for parents and their siblings.

Which of the following are reasons anthropologists study kinship systems?

-Kinship is important to the people being studied. -Many societies are organized mainly by kinship. -The world's cultures display an interesting diversity in their kinship systems.

Which of the following statements regarding bifurcate collateral terminology are true?

-Many of the societies that use it are offshoots of the same ancestral group. -It has separate terms for each of the six kin types of the parental generation. -It is not as common as the other kin classification systems.

Which of the following factors have contributed to the decline in traditional nuclear family households in the United States?

-More women are working at paid jobs and delaying marriage, or not marrying at all. -More people are living alone. -More parents are raising children without a spouse.

Which of the following are true about the Moso of southwestern China and their tisese system?

-Moso marriages occur mostly in sparsely-populated mountain areas. -Their dominant form of sexual and reproductive union is a visiting system. -The Moso are matrilineal and prefer to live in matrilocal extended-family households.

Which of the following are basic social units of traditional foraging societies?

-Nuclear family -Band

Because culture affects the way kinship is calculated, which of the following are true?

-Some societies do not consider all blood relatives to be part of the family. -People who are not blood relatives can sometimes be regarded socially as kin. -Some societies believe a child can have more than one biological father.

Which of the following statements about bifurcate merging kinship terminology are true?

-The mother's side and father's side are split. -Mother and mother's sister are merged under the same term.

Which of the following are true in the zadruga family system of western Bosnia?

-The senior couple's married sons and their wives and children lived in the household. -Possessions were shared by the entire family, even a bride's wedding garments. -The household included the senior couple's unmarried sons and daughters.

Once they marry or form a domestic partnership, middle-class Americans tend to define their "family" as consisting of?

-Their children -Their spouse or partner

Which of the following illustrate how a descent group typically manages its ancestral estate?

-Unilineal descent and unilocal postmarital residence ensure that about half the people born in each generation can spend their lives on the estate. -The descent group passes its estate down through the generations. -Descent and residence rules require some members to continue living on the estate after marriage.

The family of procreation includes which of the following?

-an individual's spouse -an individual's children

Compared with industrial societies, foraging societies

-are less socially complex. -also emphasize the nuclear family. -are also geographically mobile.

People who belong to the same descent group

-can live in more than one community. -claim to have the same ancestors.

A genealogical kin type is

-designated by letters and symbols on genealogical charts. -more specific than a kin term. -a way of specifying the exact relationship between two people in a family.

Setting up a residence some distance away from parents ("neolocality")

-is a common pattern for middle-class couples in the United States. -is characteristic of many industrial societies. -often results from moving to where a desirable job is located.

Which of the following are the main ways of classifying kin on the parental generation?

-lineal -generational -bifurcate collateral -bifurcate merging

A kin term is

-often used in a broad sense that encompasses -several individuals.a word that describes a relative. -less specific than a genealogical kin type.

In the 2020 U.S. census, once "Person 1" has been established, each additional person living in that household is asked to indicate how they are related to Person 1. How many relationship options did the census provide?

16

What is the term for the ancestor who stands at the top of a common genealogy?

Apical

What is the term for a family household that includes three or more generations?

Extended family household

True or false: Membership in an ambilineal descent group is automatic, based on the father's line of ancestry.

False

In North American society, which of the following is often the only well-defined kin group?

Family of procreation

What is the term for a family that consists of one's spouse and children?

Family of procreation

Which is the best rationale for the bifurcate merging kinship system?

Father and father's brother belong to the same descent group and live in the same patrilocal group.

In 2017, the Trump administration announced a travel ban, denying visas to citizens of six Muslim-majority countries unless they could demonstrate a "close family relationship" with an American citizen. Which of the following relatives was NOT considered close enough to enter?

Grandfather

What does "ego" mean in Latin?

I or me

What is the term for your closest female relatives on your mother's side?

Matrikin

If married couples live in the wives' mothers' communities, they are practicing what?

Matrilocality

Which of the following societies is correctly matched with the named custom?

Moso and tisese

Although the nuclear family remains a cultural ideal in the United States, approximately how many U.S. households actually fall into this category?

One in five

When people join their fathers' groups automatically at birth and are lifetime members, they are practicing what kind of descent?

Patrilineal

Which of the following is an example demonstrating the modern form of bifurcate collateral kinship terminology?

Sachiko has a Japanese mother and an Anglo father. She calls her mother's sister "obachan" and her father's sister "aunt."

If people claim they are descended from certain people, but they don't try to specify actual genealogical links generation by generation, they are claiming what kind of descent?

Stipulated

What is the term for residential compounds in the Nayar society of southern India?

Tarawads

What might one expect in a generational kinship system?

You would refer to your aunt and your mother by the same term.

What is the kinship terminology that splits the mother's side and the father's side but combines same-sex siblings of each parent?

bifurcate merging kinship terminology

Amy learns that she is inheriting money from an uncle. She has uncles on both sides of the family, and she cannot guess whether this money is coming from the brother of her father or mother. This is an example of

bilateral kinship.

On a television series, various members of a wealthy family live together on a ranch that has been passed down through the generations. When members of that family marry, they usually continue to live on the ranch, where they raise their children, even though some of these married couples would rather leave and buy land of their own. This is an example of

a descent group managing an ancestral estate.

A clan believes that all its members are descended from an intelligent coyote or another animal or plant. This is an example of

a totem.

Relatives by marriage, whether of lineals or of collaterals, are known as_______ . (Watch your spelling!)

affinals

Generational kinship terminology would likely be found in societies with

ambilineal descent.

In the Bible, Jews and Arabs both descended from Abraham. This makes Abraham the ______ of both Jews and Arabs.

apical ancestor

The key kinship group among nonindustrial farmers and herders is the

descent group.

With unilineal descent, groups typically trace their ancestry through

either the female or the male line.

The kinship terminology that uses the same term for parents and their siblings and uses just two parental kin terms is known as

generational kinship terminology.

The _____ associated with industrialism works to fragment kinship groups larger than the nuclear family.

geographic mobility

A person's family of orientation

is the family in which that person is born and grows up.

In the United States, most people believe in bilateral kinship, which means

kin links are traced equally through males and females, with each perceived to be similar or equivalent.

The social construction of ________ illustrates considerable diversity, and understanding its systems has become an essential part of anthropology because of the importance of those systems to the people we study.

kinship

The system that people in a particular society use to recognize and categorize kinship relationships is called

kinship calculation.

As compared to the size of a lineage, a clan is

larger or bigger

The basic rule for inclusion in a unilineal descent group is that

lifetime membership is automatically given to each child born to a parent who belongs to that group.

The difference between a clan and a lineage is

lineage membership is demonstrated, whereas clan membership is only claimed (stipulated).

Anyone on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego, such as an ancestor or descendant, is known as a(n) ______ relative.

lineal

When people join their mothers' groups automatically at birth and are lifetime members, they are practicing what kind of descent?

matrilineal

A taxonomy developed over generations by the people who live in a particular society is known as which type of taxonomy or typology?

native

Unlike middle-class couples in industrial nations, foragers don't usually reside

neolocally

In a Bosnian zadruga family system, people were most apt to socialize with

others of the same age and gender.

A married couple resides in the community where the husband's father lives, so that their children can grow up there. This is an example of

patrilocality.

Who uses the bifurcate merging kinship system?

societies with unilineal descent rules and unilocal postmarital residence rules

Of the four kin classification systems, bifurcate collateral kinship terminology is the most

specific

A man belongs to a clan that says all its members are descended from a fabled king who lived ten thousand years ago and was the son of a mermaid. This is an example of ______ descent.

stipulated

As used in anthropology, ego means

the person whose family is being shown.

North Americans may lack close ties with relatives beyond their nuclear families because

they are geographically mobile, living near their jobs instead of family.

In the lineal kinship system (Figure 19.6), the number 3 and the color light blue stand for the term

uncle

Statistics suggest that the growing isolation from kin in the United States might be

unprecedented in human history.

In bifurcate collateral kinship terminology, the residence rule is

varied

Which is NOT a lineal relative?

your brother

Who is a collateral relative?

your uncle